Maitiro ekugadzira photosynthesis muzvirimwa
Photosynthesis inzira huru yehupenyu iyo zvirimwa zvakasvibira, algae, uye mamwe mabhakitiriya zvinoshandura simba rechiedza, kazhinji kubva kuzuva, kuita simba remakemikari rinochengetwa muglucose, inova mhando yeshuga. Maitiro aya haangobatsiri kukura nekukura kwechirimwa pachacho chete asiwo anoshanda sehwaro hwecheni yechikafu chezvipenyu zvese zviri panyika, zvichipa simba rinokosha rinodiwa nezvisikwa zvakawanda, kusanganisira vanhu.
Nheyo dzePhotosynthesis
Izwi rekuti "photosynthesis" rinobva pamashoko echiGiriki ekuti "photo," zvichireva chiedza, uye "synthesis," zvichireva kusanganisa. Muchidimbu, photosynthesis inzira inoshandiswa nayo simba rechiedza kubatanidza kabhoni dioxide nemvura kuita glucose neokisijeni. Equation yemakemikari yakareruka yephotosynthesis ndeiyi:
\[ 6CO_2 + 6H_2O + \text{light energy} \rightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2 \]
Iyi equation inotsanangura zvinhu zvinosanganisirwa uye zvibereko zvemaitiro asi hairatidzi maitiro akaomarara uye nzira dzinobatanidzwa.
Zvikamu Zvikuru Zvinobatanidzwa
Chlorophyll
Kuti zvirimwa zvibudirire mukugadzira photosynthesis, zvinoshandisa pigment inonzi chlorophyll, inowanikwa mukati memasero anozivikanwa se chloroplasts. Chlorophyll inonwisa chiedza, kunyanya muma wavelength ebhuruu netsvuku, uku ichiratidza chiedza chegirini, ndosaka zvirimwa zvakawanda zvichiita segirini.
Chloroplasts
Idzi inhengo dzemuviri dzakagadzirwa mukati memasero emiti uko photosynthesis inoitika. Dzinochengeta membrane dzethylakoid, dzakaunganidzwa muzvikamu zvinonzi grana, zvine chlorophyll. Mvura yakakomberedza thylakoids inonzi stroma, iyo inoitawo basa rakakosha muphotosynthesis.
Matanho maviri ePhotosynthesis
Kugadzira chiedza (photosynthesis) kunoitika muzvikamu zviviri zvikuru: maitiro anoenderana nechiedza uye maitiro anoenderana nechiedza, anozivikanwawo seCalvin cycle.
Maitiro Anobva Kuchiedza
Maitiro aya anoitika mu thylakoid membranes uye anoda kuratidzwa zvakananga kuchiedza. Heino kupatsanurwa kwezvikamu zvishoma nezvishoma:
1. Kunyudzwa kwechiedza: Mamorekuru echlorophyll anonyudzwa maphotoni echiedza, zvichiwedzera simba remaerekitironi ari muchlorophyll.
2. Kupatsanurana kwemvura: Simba rinonyudzwa rinoshandiswa kupatsanura mamorekuru emvura kuita okisijeni, mapurotoni (hydrogen ions), uye maerekitironi. Maitiro aya anozivikanwa se photolysis.
3. Kutamiswa Kwesimba: Maerekitironi ane simba guru anofamba nemumapuroteni akawanda ari mu thylakoid membrane inozivikanwa se electron transport chain (ETC). Sezvo maerekitironi achifamba pasi peETC, simba rawo rinoshandiswa kupomba mapurotoni mu membrane, zvichigadzira proton gradient.
4. Kuumbwa kweATP: Kurongeka kweproton kunoshanda sebhatiri, zvichikonzera kugadzirwa kweATP (adenosine triphosphate) neenzyme ATP synthase.
5. Kuumbwa kweNADPH: Pakupedzisira, maerekitironi anoderedza NADP+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) kuti iumbe NADPH, imwe simba rinotakura.
Maitiro anoenderana nechiedza anoshandura simba rechiedza kuita simba remakemikari muchimiro cheATP neNADPH, ukuwo achiburitsa okisijeni sechinhu chimwe chete.
Kutenderera kwaCalvin (Kuita Kwechiedza Kusingatungamirirwi Nechiedza)
ATP neNADPH zvinogadzirwa mukuita kwechiedza zvinoshanda senzvimbo dzesimba reCalvin cycle, iyo inoitika mustroma. Kuita kweCalvin cycle hakudi chiedza zvakananga, asi zvinoenderana nezvibereko zvekuita kwechiedza. Heino mafambiro azvinoita:
1. Kugadzika kweKabhoni: CO2 inobva mumhepo yakabatana neshuga yemakabhoni mashanu inonzi ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) neenzyme ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, inozivikanwa seRubisco. Izvi zvinoumba compound yemakabhoni matanhatu isina kugadzikana, iyo inopatsanuka pakarepo kuita mamorekuru maviri emakabhoni matatu e3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA).
2. Kuderedza: ATP neNADPH kubva mukuita kwechiedza zvinoshandiswa kushandura 3-PGA kuita glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P), imwe molecule ine kabhoni nhatu. Danho iri rinonzi "kuderedza" nekuti maerekitironi anowedzerwa mukombuta.
3. Kugadziriswazve kweRuBP: Mamorekuru mazhinji eG3P anoshandiswa kugadzirazve RuBP, zvichiita kuti kutenderera kuenderere mberi. Maitiro aya ekugadzirisazve anodawo ATP.
4. Kugadzirwa kweGlucose: Chikamu chidiki chemamorekuru eG3P chinogona kubva muCalvin cycle choshandiswa kugadzira glucose nemamwe makabhohaidhiretsi, ayo chirimwa chinogona kushandisa pakukura, kukura, uye kuchengetedza simba.
Kukosha kwePhotosynthesis kuHupenyu
Photosynthesis yakafanana neinjini yehupenyu pasi pano. Inogadzira okisijeni sechinhu chinobva pairi, icho chakakosha pakufema kwezvipenyu zvakawanda. Uyezve, ndiyo hwaro hwewebhu yezvekudya, ichishandura simba rezuva kuita chimiro chinogona kudyiwa nezvisikwa zvisina kujairika, zvakaita sezvinodya zvinodya miriwo, zvinodya mhuka, uye zvinodya nyama.
Zvinokonzerwa Nezvakatipoteredza Nekurima
Kunzwisisa maitiro ekugadzira photosynthesis kune zvakunoreva zvakawanda. Ruzivo rwakavandudzwa rwemaitiro aya runogona kuwedzera goho rezvirimwa, kuvandudza kuchengetedzeka kwechikafu, uye kubatsira mukurima kunoenderera mberi. Kuvandudzwa kwakadai sezvirimwa zvakagadziriswa majini zvinoita photosynthesis zvinobudirira, kana kuti zvakagadzirwa kuti zvikwanise kubata nemamiriro ekumanikidzwa akadai sekusanaya kwemvura uye kunaka kwevhu, kunogona kubva mukunzwisisa uku.
Photosynthesis uye Kuchinja Kwemamiriro Ekunze
Kugadzira chiedza chezuva kunoitawo basa guru mukuderedza shanduko yemamiriro ekunze nekubvisa CO2 kubva mumhepo. Miti nemasango zvinoshanda senzvimbo dzinonyudza kabhoni, zvichideredza huwandu hwemagasi anodziya pasi rose uye zvichibatsira kuderedza migumisiro yekudziya kwepasi rose.
Maonero Anouya
Tsvagiridzo dzichangobva kuitwa dzakapinda mukugadzira photosynthesis, dzichivavarira kutevedzera maitiro echisikigo ekugadzira manyuko esimba rinogona kushandiswazve. Vachibatanidza biology neinjiniya, masayendisiti anotarisira kugadzira masisitimu anogona kushandura simba rezuva kuita mafuta zvinobudirira, zvichipa imwe nzira inogara iripo panzvimbo pemafuta ekare.
mhedziso
Kugadzira Photosynthesis inzira yakaoma uye inokosha zvikuru inochengetedza hupenyu hwakawanda pasi pano. Kuburikidza nekushandurwa kwesimba rechiedza kuita simba remakemikari, zvinosimbisa kuwanikwa kwechikafu uye kuenzana kwemhepo kwakakosha kuhupenyu. Kuenderera mberi nekutsvaga nekunzwisisa photosynthesis kunovimbisa kufambira mberi mukurima, sainzi yemamiriro ekunze, uye simba rinogona kuvandudzwa, zvichigadzira nzira yeramangwana rakagadzikana.
