Maitiro eKubvisa Maruva eOrchid: Kutamba Kwakaoma Kwezvisikwa
MaOrchid imhuri inonakidza uye yakasiyana-siyana yemiti inotumbuka inozivikanwa nekuvaka kwayo kwakaoma, mavara anopenya, uye nzira dzakaoma dzekuburitsa maruva. Nemarudzi anopfuura 25,000 akapararira munyika dzese kunze kweAntarctica, maOrchid inyanzvi dzekurarama, achikura munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana kubva kumasango emvura anonaya kusvika kumagwenga akaoma. Maitiro ekuburitsa maruva eOrchid rwendo runoshamisa rwunoratidza hunyanzvi hwezvisikwa, hunosanganisira kuchinja kwakaoma uye hukama hwekubatana pakati peOrchid nevanoburitsa maruva ayo. Chinyorwa chino chinotarisa munyika inonakidza yekuburitsa maruva eOrchid, ichijekesa nzira dzakasiyana dzinoshandiswa nemiti iyi inoshamisa.
Maumbirwo uye Basa reMaruva eOrchid
Usati waongorora maitiro ekuberekesa maruva, zvakakosha kuti unzwisise hunhu hweruva reorchid. Kusiyana nemaruva mazhinji, orchid dzine chimiro chemaruva chakasiyana chakagadzirirwa kukwezva uye kuita kuti maruva adzo ashande zvakanaka. Ruva reorchid rinowanzo kuve nemasepa matatu nemapeta matatu, rimwe remapeta, rinozivikanwa selabellum kana lip, rakagadziriswa zvakanyanya uye rinowanzo shanda senzvimbo yekumhara yemaruva. Nhengo dzekubereka dzinobatanidzwa muchimiro chimwe chete chinonzi column, chine stamens (zvikamu zvevarume) uye pistils (zvikamu zvevakadzi).
Kukopana Kwenhema: Unyanzvi Hwekunyengera
Imwe yenzira dzinonakidza dzinoshandiswa nemhuri yeorchid ndeye pseudocopulation, apo ruva rinotevedzera chitarisiko nekunhuhwirira kwechipembenene chechikadzi kuti rikwezve zvipembenene zvechirume. Chiitiko ichi chinonyanya kuonekwa murudzi rweOphrys, runozivikanwa se "bee orchids." Maruva emhando yeOphrys anoratidza kufanana kukuru nenyuchi dzechikadzi kana mago, ane mapatani akaomarara, magadzirirwo, uye kunyange mapheromones. Chipembenene chechirume chisingafungi, chakanyengedzwa nekutevedzera uku, chinoedza kusangana neruva, chisingazivi chichifukidzwa nemupunga mukuita uku.
Sezvo chipembenene chechirume chichifamba kubva pane rimwe ruva kuenda kune rimwe, chichiri pasi pefungidziro yekutsvaga mudiwa, chinotamisa mukume, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kuyambuka mukume. Nzira iyi inoshamisa haingovimbisi chete kuti mhando dzemaruva eorchid dzipararire asi inoratidzawo muenzaniso unoshamisa wekushanduka-shanduka kwemamiriro ezvinhu.
Mibayiro neKunyengera: Kuenzana Kwakanaka
Kunyange hazvo mamwe maorchid achivimba nekunyengera, mamwe anokwezva vanoburitsa maruva avo nemubairo chaiwo, senge nectar. Maorchid mazhinji anoburitsa nectar muzvivakwa zvakajairwa zvinonzi spurs kana nectaries, zvichikwezva mhando dzakasiyana dzevanoburitsa maruva, kusanganisira nyuchi, shavishavi, moths, neshiri. Semuenzaniso, Vanilla orchid (Vanilla planifolia), inozivikanwa nevanilla pods yayo inokosha, inokwezva nyuchi nenectar yayo inotapira.
Kune rumwe rutivi, mamwe maorchid anonyengera zvakanyanya nekupa mibairo yenhema. Maorchid eOncidium, anozivikanwa zvakanyanya se "dancing ladies," ane maruva akafanana nemapoka enyuchi diki, dzeyero. "Nyuchi dzenhema" idzi dzinonyengera nyuchi chaidzo kuti dziedze kudzinga vanokwikwidza, dzichitora nekusaziva uye dzichiendesa mukume panguva iyoyo.
Nzira Dzakakosha Dzekusvina Mbeu
MaOrchids akagadzira nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekugadzira mhodzi kuti ave nechokwadi chekuti anobudirira pakubereka. Heano mimwe mienzaniso mishoma inokosha:
1. Maruva Anoteya: Mamwe maorchid anoshandisa misungo yemakanika kuti abate zvinopa maruva kwenguva pfupi. Rudzi rweCoryanthes, runozivikanwawo se "bucket orchids," runoburitsa maruva nebhaketi rakazara nemvura. Nyuchi padzinotsvaga kunhuhwirira kunokwezva, dzinowira mubhaketi uye dzinogona kungopukunyuka nemukana wakamanikana unodzimanikidza kupfuura maruva ekubereka, zvichiita kuti dzitamise mukume.
2. Kuberekesa Mbeu: Mamwe maorchid ane nectar spurs refu, ayo anowanikwa chete nehonye dzine proboscises dzakareba zvakaenzana. Muenzaniso wakakurumbira iDarwin's orchid (Angraecum sesquipedale), ine nectar spurs inogona kusvika masendimita makumi matatu. Charles Darwin akafanotaura kuti kune chipfuwo chine proboscis chakareba zvakakwana kusvika kune nectar, fungidziro yakasimbiswa makore akazotevera nekuwanikwa kweXanthopan morgani praedicta.
3. Kubereka Shiri: MaOrchids akadai seCatasetum anozivikanwa nekushandisa kwawo kubudisa pollinia. Shiri, inowanzova hummingbird, painoshanyira ruva kuti idye nectar, nzira yekubvisa pollinia inonamira pamusoro weshiri, zvichiita kuti pollinia irambe ichikura uye izvi zvinobudirira.
Kuwirirana uye Kubatana
Kubereka maokidhi kunobatanidzwa zvakanyanya nehupenyu hwevanobereka maokidhi, zvichikonzera hukama hunobatsirana. Kudyidzana pakati pemaokidhi nevanobereka maokidhi kunoratidza shanduko-maitiro apo mhando mbiri kana kupfuura dzinopesvedzera nzira yekushanduka-shanduka kweimwe neimwe.
Imwe yehukama hwakanyatso nyorwa zvakanaka pakati peorchid Dendrobium sinense nehornet Vespa bicolor. Iyi orchid inoburitsa hwema hwakafanana ne pheromone inokatyamadza yenyuchi, ichikwezva hornet dzinofungidzira hwema hwenyuchi dziri mudambudziko. Hornet dzinosvika dzichitarisira kudya kuri nyore asi, panzvimbo pezvo, dzinozviwana dzakafukidzwa nemukume, wadzinozoendesa kune mamwe maorchid.
Kupesvedzera Kwevanhu uye Kuchengetedza Orchid
Kukwezva kwemaorchid kwave kuchibata vanhu kwemazana emakore, zvichikonzera kuunganidzwa kwawo nekurima. Zvisinei, kuparadzwa kwenzvimbo dzawo, kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze, uye kuunganidzwa kwakawandisa kwemaruva aya kunokanganisa huwandu hwemaruva pasi rose. Kuedza kuchengetedza kwakakosha kuchengetedza nharaunda idzi dzakasimba uye kuona kuti marudzi emaorchid aya anoramba aripo. Nyanzvi dzemiti nevanochengetedza masango vanoshanda nesimba kuchengetedza nzvimbo dzechisikigo, kuparadzira marudzi ari munjodzi, uye kukurudzira nzira dzekurima dzinogara kwenguva refu.
Vanofarira maorchid vanoitawo basa guru mukuchengetedza zvirimwa nekurima maorchid zvine mutoro uye vachitsigira zvirongwa zvekuchengetedza nzvimbo dzemusango dzemaorchid. Minda yemiti nemasangano emaruva eorchid zvinobatsira mukudzidzisa nekuzivisa, zvichikurudzira kukoshesa zvakanyanya zvirimwa izvi zvinoshamisa uye maitiro azvo akaomarara ekubereka.
Mhedziso: Kupemberera Kusiyana-siyana kweOrchid
Maitiro ekuunganidza maruva eorchid humbowo hwezvishamiso zvekusarudza kwechisikigo uye kushanduka-shanduka kwemaruva. Kubva panzira dzinonyengera dzakadai sepseudocopulation kusvika pahukama hunobatsirana nevanobvisa maruva, maorchid anoratidza nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzinoita kuti abudirire pakubereka. Kutamba kwakaoma pakati pemaorchid nevanobvisa maruva kunoratidza kuenzana kwakanaka uye kubatana kwezvakatipoteredza.
Sezvatinoshamiswa nekunaka uye kuomarara kwemaokidhi, zvakakosha kuziva basa redu mukuchengetedza nekuchengetedza pfuma iyi yemiti yezvizvarwa zvinotevera. Nekunzwisisa nekuonga nzira dzinonakidza dzekusvibiswa kwemaokidhi, tinogona kubatsira mukuchengetedza zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana zvepasi redu. Maokidhi, nemaitiro awo anokwezva uye nzira dzinoshamisa dzekuburitsa mhodzi, anoramba achikurudzira kushamisika nekuyemura, achishumira sechiyeuchidzo chekugadzira zvisikwa kusingaverengeki.
