Kunzwisisa Mhepo: Gwaro reJografi reGiredhi rechi12
ziviso
Patinotarisa nyeredzi kubva panzvimbo yedu paNyika, zviri nyore kukanganwa jira diki remagasi rinoita kuti pasi redu rigone kugara: mhepo. Mujiyogirafi yegiredhi rechi12, kunzwisisa kuoma kwemhepo kwakakosha pakunzwisisa masisitimu akakura ezvakatipoteredza. Gwaro iri rinopa ruzivo rwakadzama pamusoro pezvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvemhepo, maumbirwo ayo, uye mabasa ayo akakosha.
Kuumbwa kweAtmosphere
Mhepo yepasi pano musanganiswa wemagasi anobatanidzwa pamwe chete negiravhiti. Inoumbwa zvakanyanya nenitrogen (78%) neokisijeni (21%), ine magasi mashoma akadai seargon (0.93%), kabhoni dhayokisaidhi (0.04%), uye huwandu hushoma hweneon, helium, methane, krypton, uye hydrogen. Kuwedzera kune aya magasi, mhepo ine utsi hwemvura, hunosiyana muhuwandu zvichienderana nenzvimbo nemamiriro ekunze.
Zvikamu Zvikuru Nemabasa Azvo
– Nitrogen (N2): Inokosha pakutenderera kwenitrogen, inotsigira kukura kwezvisikwa zvipenyu nekubatsira kugadzirwa kwemaamino acid nemapuroteni.
– Okisijeni (O2): Inokosha pakufema muzvinhu zvipenyu zvakawanda, okisijeni inoitawo basa guru mukuita kwakasiyana-siyana kwemakemikari, kusanganisira kupisa.
– Argon (Ar): Gasi risina simba risingashande zvakanyanya nezvimwe zvinhu; saka, rinonyanya kuzadza nzvimbo.
– Kabhoni Dioxide (CO2): Inokosha pakugadzira photosynthesis muzvirimwa uye gasi guru regreenhouse rinobata kupisa mumhepo, zvichibatsira mukuita kuti greenhouse ishande.
Zvikamu zveAtmosphere
Mhepo yakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvichibva pakuchinja kwekupisa. Chikamu chimwe nechimwe chine hunhu hwakasiyana uye chinoita mabasa akasiyana mumamiriro ekunze ePasi uye mamiriro ekunze.
Troposphere
Troposphere inotangira pamusoro peNyika kusvika pamakiromita angangoita 8-15 (makiromita 5-9). Rutivi urwu rune angangoita 75% yehuremu hwemhepo uye ndipo panowanikwa mamiriro ekunze mazhinji. Tembiricha inodzikira nekukwirira kwetroposphere.
stratosphere
Pamusoro petroposphere pane stratosphere, inotangira pamakiromita angangoita 15 kusvika 50 km (makiromita 9 kusvika 31). Stratosphere ine ozone layer, iyo inonwisa uye inoparadzira mwaranzi yezuva ye ultraviolet. Kusiyana netroposphere, tembiricha mustratosphere inowedzera nekukwirira nekuda kwekunwisa mwaranzi ne ozone.
Mesosphere
Nzvimbo iyi inotangira pamakiromita makumi mashanu kusvika makumi masere nemashanu (makiromita makumi matatu nerimwe kusvika makumi mashanu nematatu) pamusoro penyika. Pano, tembiricha inodzikira zvakare nekukwirira, zvichiita kuti ive nzvimbo inotonhora kupfuura dzimwe dzose dzemuchadenga. Iyi nzvimbo ndipo panotsva meteorites zhinji painopinda mumhepo yeNyika.
Thermosphere
Thermosphere inotangira pamakiromita makumi masere nemashanu kusvika pamakiromita mazana matanhatu (makiromita makumi mashanu nematatu kusvika mazana matatu nemakumi manomwe nematatu). Tembiricha iri muchikamu ichi inogona kukwira zvakanyanya, kusvika pa2,500°C (4,532°F) kana kupfuura, nekuda kwekutorwa kwemwaranzi yezuva ine simba guru. Thermosphere inzvimbo inowanikwa mwenje yekuchamhembe neyekumaodzanyemba (auroras) uye ndiyo zvakare musha weInternational Space Station (ISS).
Exosphere
Chikamu chekunze ndicho chinonzi exosphere, chinotanga pamakiromita angangoita mazana matanhatu uye chinobuda chichienda muchadenga. Chinonzi exosphere chine huwandu hushoma hwemaatomu ehydrogen nehelium uye chinopera zvishoma nezvishoma chichipinda mumhepo isina chinhu muchadenga.
Mabasa Akakosha eAtmosphere
Mhepo inoita mabasa akakosha anoita kuti Pasi rigare uye ritsigire hupenyu. Ngationgororei mabasa mashoma ainoita:
1. Dziviriro kubva kuMwaranzi yezuva
Ozone layer iri mu stratosphere inokosha pakunwisa nekuparadzira mwaranzi inokuvadza ye ultraviolet (UV) kubva kuZuva. Pasina iyi layer inodzivirira, hupenyu panyika hwaizosangana nemwaranzi ine njodzi ye UV, iyo inogona kukonzera kenza yeganda ne cataract, uye kukanganisa nharaunda.
2. Kudzora Tembiricha
Mhepo inotonhorera inobatsira kudzora tembiricha yePasi kuburikidza nekupisa kwepasi. Magasi akadai secarbon dioxide, methane, uye utsi hwemvura zvinobata kupisa kubva kuZuva, zvichiita kuti Pasi rirambe richidziya zvakakwana kuti ritsigire hupenyu. Zvisinei, kuwanda kwemagasi aya ekupisa kwepasi kunogona kukonzera kudziya kwepasi rose uye shanduko yemamiriro ekunze.
3. Kubatsira Kutenderera Kwemvura
Mhepo ine simba guru mukutenderera kwemvura. Inobvumira mvura kubuda pamusoro pemvura dzakadai semakungwa, nzizi, nemadziva. Mhute iyi inozobatana kuita makore uye inozopedzisira yava mvura kana sinou, ichizadza zviwanikwa zvemvura yakachena.
4. Kudzora Mamiriro Ekunze Nemamiriro Ekunze
Mhepo inotonhorera ndiyo nzira inoshandiswa pakuita mamiriro ekunze uye mamiriro ekunze. Inodzora kushanduka kwekushisa uye inoparadzira kupisa pasi rose, zvichibatsira kuenzana kwemamiriro ekunze.
Kukanganiswa Kwakaitwa Vanhu Mumhepo
Mabasa evanhu anokanganisa mamiriro ekunze nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana, kazhinji zvinokuvadza:
Kusvibiswa kwemhepo
Mabasa emaindasitiri, kuburitswa kwemhepo nemotokari, uye kupiswa kwemafuta epasi zvinoburitsa zvinhu zvinosvibisa zvakaita se sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), uye tunhu tudiki tunopinda mumhepo. Zvinhu izvi zvinosvibisa zvinogona kukonzera matambudziko ekufema, mvura ine acid, uye kuora kwe ozone layer.
Kuchinja Kwemamiriro ekunze
Kuwedzera kwemagasi anokonzera kupisa kwenyika nekuda kwemabasa evanhu kwakonzera kudziya kwepasi rose. Izvi zvakakonzera shanduko mumafambiro emamiriro ekunze, kukwira kwemvura yegungwa, uye kuwanda kwezviitiko zvemamiriro ekunze akaipisisa zvakaita semadutu, kusanaya kwemvura, uye mafashamo.
Matanho ekudzivirira mhepo
Kuedza kuchengetedza mhepo kunosanganisira zvibvumirano zvepasi rose zvakaita seKyoto Protocol neParis Agreement, izvo zvine chinangwa chekuderedza kuburitswa kwemhepo inokonzera kudziya kwepasi. Maitiro ekuchengetedza, kukurudzira simba rinogona kushandiswazve, uye kuderedza kuparadzwa kwemasango zvinobatsirawo mukuchengetedza mhepo ine hutano.
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Kunzwisisa mhepo kwakakosha kuti tinzwisise mashandiro anoita pasi redu uye kuti tingarichengetedza sei. Nekudzidza zvidimbu zvaro, maumbirwo aro, uye mhedzisiro yemabasa evanhu, vadzidzi vegiredhi rechi12 vanogona kuwana ruzivo rwakakosha nezvehunhu hwakaoma hwegumbeze repasi rinotsigira hupenyu. Ruzivo urwu harungongowedzera kudzidza kwedzidzo chete asiwo runopa vadzidzi simba rekubatsira kuchengetedza nharaunda yedu yezvizvarwa zvinotevera.
