Nyanzvi dzeIndonesia dzinoti: Geography
Indonesia, nyika ine makomo ari pakati peGungwa reIndia nePacific, inozivikanwa nenharaunda yayo yakaoma uye yakasiyana-siyana. Iine zvitsuwa zvinopfuura 17,000, izvo zvinosvika 6,000 zvinogarwa, nzvimbo yenyika iyi inyaya yekudzidza zvakanyanya pakati penyanzvi dzakasiyana-siyana dzinosanganisira geology, geography, climatology, uye ecology. Chinyorwa chino chinoongorora nzvimbo yeIndonesia kuburikidza nemaonero enyanzvi dzakasiyana-siyana, zvichitsanangura mamiriro ekunze akasiyana enyika, mamiriro ekunze, uye zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana.
Nzvimbo yeArchipelagic
Kunzwisisa nzvimbo yeIndonesia kunotanga nehukuru hwayo hwezvinhu zvakasikwa. Nyanzvi dzakadai saPurofesa Robert Hall, nyanzvi yepamusoro yezvepasi, dzinosimbisa kuti Indonesia iri panzvimbo yakabatana nemaplate akawanda e tectonic: Eurasian Plate, Pacific Plate, uye Indo-Australian Plate. Nzvimbo iyi yakasiyana yakaita kuti Indonesia ive nenzvimbo yakaoma ine makomo anoputika, makomo, uye migero yakadzika yegungwa.
Zvitsuwa zvikuru zveIndonesia zvinosanganisira Sumatra, Java, Borneo (inogovaniswa neBrunei neMalaysia), Sulawesi, neNew Guinea (inogovaniswa nePapua New Guinea). Chitsuwa chimwe nechimwe chine nzvimbo dzakasiyana. Semuenzaniso, Java, chitsuwa chine vanhu vakawanda pasi rose, inotsanangurwa nemakomo akatevedzana ane makomo anoputika, mazhinji acho achiri kushanda. Panguva iyi, Sumatra inozivikanwa nemakomo eBukit Barisan anoyerera kumucheto wayo wekumadokero, achiumba misoro yemakomo anoputika.
Kusagadzikana kweTectonic
Magadzirirwo enzvimbo yeIndonesia akaumbwa zvakajeka nekwairi kuenda. Nharaunda iyi iri paPacific Ring of Fire, nzvimbo yakaita seyehorseshangu inozivikanwa nekufamba kwayo kwakawanda kwekudengenyeka kwenyika. Nyanzvi dzakadai saKerry Sieh, nyanzvi yezvekudengenyeka kwenyika, dzakaratidza kuti Indonesia inosangana nekudengenyeka kwenyika kakawanda uye kuputika kwemakomo nekuda kwenzvimbo dzinobva pasi pevhu dzinogadzirwa nekurovera maplate etectonic.
Indonesia ine makomo anoputika anokwana 130, kusanganisira ane mukurumbira akadai seKrakatoa neGomo reMerapi. Kuputika kweKrakatoa muna 1883 kwaive chimwe chezviitiko zvinotyisa zvikuru munhoroondo yakanyorwa, zvichikanganisa mamiriro ekunze epasi rose uye nzvimbo yemuno. Mabasa aya ekuputika kwemakomo anobatsira pakubereka kwezvitsuwa izvi, zvichiita kuti nzvimbo dzakadai seJava dzive dzakakura uye dzinorimwa.
Kuchinja-chinja kwemamiriro ekunze
Nzvimbo yeIndonesia iri mu equator inoita kuti ive nemamiriro ekunze anopisa zvikuru, ane hunyoro hwakawanda uye tembiricha dzinoramba dzakagadzikana mukati megore rose. Nyanzvi dzezvemamiriro ekunze dzakadai saDr. Bambang Subiyanto dzakaona kuti Indonesia inosangana nemwaka miviri mikuru: mwaka wekusanaya kwemvura (Kubvumbi kusvika Gumiguru) uye mwaka wekunaya kwemvura (Mbudzi kusvika Kurume). Mwaka uyu unotongwa nemhepo yemonsoon inochinja nzira pakati penyika dzekuchamhembe nedzekumaodzanyemba.
Kuoma kwemamiriro ekunze eIndonesia kunokonzerwawo nezviitiko zvakaita seEl Niño neLa Niña, izvo zvinogona kuchinja zvakanyanya maitiro ekunaya kwemvura, zvichikonzera nguva yekusanaya kwemvura kana kunaya kwemvura yakawandisa. Zviitiko izvi zvemamiriro ekunze zvine zvazvinoreva kwete chete pakurima asiwo pazviwanikwa zvemvura nekutarisira njodzi. Nzvimbo dziri kumahombekombe, kunyanya, dzinogona kukanganiswa nemafashamo nekudonha kwevhu munguva yekunaya kwemvura yakawanda.
Kuwanda kweZvipenyu Zvakasiyana-siyana
Indonesia inozivikanwa seimwe yenyika dzine zvisikwa zvakasiyana-siyana pasi rose. Nyanzvi dzezvezvakatipoteredza dzakadai saDr. Jatna Supriatna dzinoratidza kuti zvisikwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvitsuwa izvi, zvinosanganisira masango emvura, mangrove, coral reefs, uye savannas, zvinotsigira mhando dzakasiyana dzemiti nemhuka. Mutsetse weWallace, muganhu wekufungidzira wakatumidzwa zita remuongorori wezvisikwa Alfred Russel Wallace, unopatsanura zvitsuwa zveIndonesia kuita nzvimbo mbiri dzakasiyana dzezvakatipoteredza. Kumadokero kwemuganhu uyu, mhando dzezvisikwa dzakafanana zvikuru nedzinowanikwa muAsia, nepo kumabvazuva, simba reAustralia riri kutonga.
Masango emvura emuIndonesia ari pakati pemasango ekare uye akasiyana-siyana pasi rose, musha wemarudzi akasiyana akadai seSumatran ingwe, Javan rhinoceros, uye orangutan anowanikwa muBorneo neSumatra. Kusiyana-siyana kwezvisikwa zvemugungwa kunoshamisawo, kunyanya muCoral Triangle, iyo iri munzvimbo dziri kumabvazuva kweIndonesia. Dunhu iri rine marudzi anopfuura 76% emarudzi ekorari pasi rose uye marudzi anofungidzirwa kuti 2,000 ehove dzemugungwa.
Matambudziko Ezvakatipoteredza Nezvemagariro Evanhu Nehupfumi
Kunyange zvazvo nzvimbo yeIndonesia ichibatsira munhaka yayo yezvisikwa, inounzawo matambudziko makuru ezvakatipoteredza nehupfumi. Kutemwa kwemiti, kunokonzerwa nekutemwa kwemiti, kurima, uye kukura kwemaguta, kunotyisidzira masango emuIndonesia pamwe nemarudzi akasiyana-siyana aanotsigira. Nyanzvi dzezvezvakatipoteredza dzakadai saDr. Agus Setyarso dzakakurudzira kukanganiswa kwenzvimbo dzekugara dzemarudzi ari munjodzi uye migumisiro yakaipa panharaunda dzemuno.
Uyezve, nzvimbo yeIndonesia inoita kuti ive panjodzi huru yekuwirwa nenjodzi dzechisikigo. Kubatanidzwa kwezviitiko zve tectonic, kusiyana kwemamiriro ekunze, uye kukwira kwegungwa nekuda kwekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze kunowedzera kuwanda kwenjodzi dzakadai sekudengenyeka kwenyika, tsunami, nemafashamo. Nyanzvi dzinotsigira kugadzirira njodzi kwakagadziridzwa uye maitiro ekuchengetedza nharaunda anoenderera mberi kuderedza njodzi idzi.
mhedziso
Nzvimbo yeIndonesia, yakaumbwa nekuoma kwayo kwenzvimbo, kusiyana kwemamiriro ekunze, uye kusiyana-siyana kwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana, inopa mikana nematambudziko. Kunzwisisa kwenyanzvi munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana kunoratidza nzira dzakaoma dzinoshandiswa nezvikamu izvi zvenzvimbo kutsanangura nzvimbo yeIndonesia. Sezvo Indonesia ichiramba ichikura, kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwenzvimbo yayo kuchave kwakakosha mukugadzirisa matambudziko ezvakatipoteredza, kuchengetedza zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana, uye kuona kuti kukura kwayo kwagara kwenguva refu.
Kudzidza nezvenzvimbo yeIndonesia hakusi kungodzidzira chete asi kuedza kwakakosha kusimudzira kusimba kwenharaunda uye kukurudzira kugara kwenguva refu munzvimbo ine vanhu vakasiyana-siyana sezvairi. Nyanzvi dzicharamba dzichiita basa rakakosha mukuburitsa pachena kuoma kwenzvimbo yeIndonesia, kutungamira mitemo, uye maitiro anobatanidza mabasa evanhu nenyika yechisikigo.
