Tsanangudzo yeDemografi muJografi
Demografiya, kubva pamashoko echiGiriki ekuti "demos" (vanhu) uye "graphy" (kunyora kana kutsanangura), zvinoreva kudzidza kwehuwandu hwevanhu. Mujogirafiya, kusimbiswa kuri pakunzwisisa zviyero zvenzvimbo zvehunhu hwevanhu. Izvi zvinosanganisira kuongorora kuti huwandu hwevanhu huri kupi, kuti hwakapararira sei, mafambiro ekuchinja kwevanhu, uye zvinorehwa nekuchinja uku. Senzira yakakosha yekusangana kwenzvimbo yevanhu nemagariro evanhu, demografiya inopa ruzivo rwakakosha muhunhu hwevanhu nemafambiro evanhu munharaunda.
Historical Context uye Evolution
Kuverenga huwandu hwevanhu sechikamu chedzidzo kwakabva kare, neuchapupu hweongororo dzehuwandu hwevanhu dzakatangira kutsika dzekare dzakadai seChina, Egypt, neRoma. VaRoma, semuenzaniso, vaiita kuverengwa kwevanhu kuti vatarisire uye vatore mitero yeumambo hwavo hwakakura. Zvisinei, kuverenga huwandu hwevanhu kwemazuva ano kwakatanga muzana remakore rechi17 nenyanzvi dzakadai saJohn Graunt, avo vakaongorora zvinyorwa zverufu rweLondon kuti vaone maitiro nezvikonzero zverufu. Izvi zvakaisa hwaro hwekudzidza kwakarongeka kwevanhu.
Pakazosvika zana remakore rechi19 nerechi20, huwandu hwevanhu hwakakura zvakanyanya. Kuuya kwenzira itsva dzekuverenga nhamba uye kuumbwa kwemasangano ehuwandu hwevanhu munyika kwakaita kuti pave nekuunganidza data kwakanyatsojeka uye kwakarurama. Zviitiko zvepasi rose, zvakaita seIndustrial Revolution neHondo dzeNyika mbiri, zvakaratidza kukosha kwekunzwisisa shanduko dzehuwandu hwevanhu pakuronga magariro evanhu nekugadzira mitemo. Nhasi, nekufambira mberi kwetekinoroji nekuongorora data, huwandu hwevanhu huri kuramba huchichinja, zvichipa ruzivo rwakadzama pamusoro pehuwandu hwevanhu.
Pfungwa Huru muChidzidzo cheDemografi
Kuwanda kwevanhu mu geography kwakavakirwa papfungwa dzinoverengeka huru:
1. Huwandu hwevanhu: Iyi ndiyo nhamba yevanhu vose vari munzvimbo yakatarwa. Ndiyo nzira inonyanya kukosha yekuyera huwandu hwevanhu uye inoshanda senzira yekutanga yekuongorora. Huwandu hwevanhu hunogona kuchinja nekufamba kwenguva nekuda kwekuzvarwa, kufa, uye kutama.
2. Kuwanda kwevanhu: Izvi zvinoyera huwandu hwevanhu panzvimbo imwe neimwe, inowanzo tsanangurwa sevanhu pakiromita imwe neimwe kana mamaira. Kuwanda kwevanhu kunobatsira vanoongorora geografi kunzwisisa kuti vanhu vanopararira sei munzvimbo dzakasiyana uye zvinogona kuratidza nzvimbo dzine vanhu vakawanda kana vashoma.
3. Kubereka uye Kuwanda Kwevana: Kubereka kunoratidza avhareji yehuwandu hwevana hunotarisirwa kuva nemukadzi muhupenyu hwake. Kuwanda kwevana vanozvarwa, kunowanzoonekwa sehuwandu hwevana vanozvarwa vari vapenyu pavanhu chiuru pagore, kwakakosha pakunzwisisa kukura kwevanhu uye kutsiva kwezvizvarwa.
4. Huwandu hwevakafa nerufu: Huwandu hwevakafa hunoyera kuwanda kwerufu muvanhu. Kunzwisisa kufa kunobatsira vanoongorora huwandu hwevanhu kuti vararame kwenguva yakareba sei, mamiriro ehutano, uye zvinokonzera rufu, zvichipa ruzivo rwehutano nekugara zvakanaka kwevanhu.
5. Kutama: Izvi zvinosanganisira kufamba kwevanhu mukati nepakati pemiganhu yenyika. Kutama kunogona kuitika mukati menyika (mukati menyika) kana pasi rose (pakati penyika). Kunokanganisa zvikuru kupararira kwevanhu, mikana yehupfumi, uye tsika.
Nzira uye Zvishandiso
Vaongorori vehuwandu hwevanhu vanoshandisa nzira dzakasiyana-siyana uye maturusi ekuunganidza, kuongorora, uye kududzira data:
– Kuverengwa kwevanhu: Kunowanzoitwa nehurumende makore gumi ega ega, uye kunopa ruzivo rwakakwana pamusoro pehuwandu hwevanhu, kupararira kwavo, uye hunhu hwakadai sezera, murume kana mukadzi, rudzi, uye basa.
– Ongororo: Idzi dzinoitwa kakawanda kupfuura kuverengwa kwevanhu uye dzinogona kunanga zvinhu zvakanangana nezvidzidzo zvevanhu, zvakaita sehutano, mabasa, kana pekugara.
– Nhamba Dzinokosha: Izvi zvinosanganisira data rekuzvarwa, kufa, kuroorana, uye kurambana, izvo zvakakosha pakunzwisisa mafambiro ehuwandu hwevanhu.
– Kuongorora Geospatial: Vachishandisa Geographic Information Systems (GIS), vaongorori vehuwandu hwevanhu vanogona kumepu nekuongorora data revanhu munzvimbo, vachiratidza maitiro nemafambiro asingaonekwe mumatafura edata asina kugadzirwa.
Mashandisirwo muJografi
Mashandisirwo ehuwandu hwevanhu mune zvejogirafi akakura uye ane mativi akawanda:
1. Kuronga Maguta: Kunzwisisa mafambiro evanhu kwakakosha pakuronga maguta zvinobudirira. Ruzivo rwehuwandu hwevanhu runopa ruzivo nezvesarudzo pakuvandudzwa kwezvivakwa, dzimba, zvekufambisa, uye mabasa everuzhinji. Semuenzaniso, huwandu hwevanhu huri kukura nekukurumidza hunogona kuda kuti nzvimbo dzehutano nezvikoro zviwedzere.
2. Kutarisira Zviwanikwa: Zvidzidzo zvehuwandu hwevanhu zvinobatsira mukutarisira zviwanikwa zvechisikigo nemazvo. Nzvimbo dzine huwandu hwevanhu vakawanda dzinogona kusangana nematambudziko makuru emvura, chikafu, uye simba, zvichiita kuti pave nekuronga kwakarongeka uye kuedza kuchengetedza.
3. Kubudirira Kwehupfumi: Ruzivo rwehuwandu hwevanhu runobatsira mukuona mafambiro emusika wevashandi, zvinodiwa nevatengi, uye nzvimbo dzinogona kukura kwehupfumi. Nzvimbo dzine vanhu vadiki, dziri kukura dzinogona kukwezva mhando dzakasiyana dzemabhizinesi zvichienzaniswa nenzvimbo dzine vanhu vakwegura.
4. Mutemo Wemagariro Evanhu: Hurumende dzinoshandisa ruzivo rwevanhu kugadzira nekushandisa mitemo yedzidzo, hutano, kugara zvakanaka, uye mabasa. Semuenzaniso, vanhu vakwegura vangada mitemo yakatarisana nemari yemudyandigere uye mabasa ekutarisira vakwegura.
5. Kukanganiswa Kwenharaunda: Kudzidza maitiro evanhu kunobatsira kuongorora kukanganisa kwevanhu nharaunda. Nzvimbo dziri kukura nekukurumidza dzinogona kusangana nematambudziko akadai sekutemwa kwemiti, kusvibiswa, uye kurasikirwa nemarudzi akasiyana-siyana ezvisikwa.
Matambudziko Nematambudziko Emazuva Ano
Nyaya dzinoverengeka dzemazuva ano dzinoratidza kukosha kwehuwandu hwevanhu mune zvejogirafi:
– Vanhu Vakwegura: Nyika dzakawanda dzakabudirira dzinosangana nevanhu vakwegura, izvo zvinounza matambudziko muhurongwa hwepension, hutano, uye kugara kwenguva refu kwevashandi.
– Kukura kwemaguta: Kukura kwemaguta nekukurumidza munyika dzichiri kusimukira kunotungamira mukukura kwemaguta makuru, zvichikonzera matambudziko ane chekuita nedzimba, kutakurwa, uye kuchengetedzeka kwezvakatipoteredza.
– Kutama Nevapoteri: Kusagadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika, kusawirirana kwehupfumi, uye shanduko yemamiriro ekunze zvinokonzeresa kutama, zvichigadzira shanduko dzehuwandu hwevanhu dzinokanganisa nzvimbo dzinotangira nedzinogumira.
– Kuderera Kwekubereka: Munzvimbo zhinji dzepasi rose, kudzikira kwehuwandu hwekubereka kunotyisidzira huwandu hwevanhu vanotsiva, zvichikonzera kudzikira kwehuwandu hwevanhu nematambudziko ehupfumi.
– Denda Rehutano: Matambudziko ehutano, akadai sedenda reCOVID-19, anokanganisa zvakanyanya huwandu hwevanhu kuburikidza nekufa, shanduko muhuwandu hwevana vanozvarwa, uye maitiro ekutama.
mhedziso
Kuverenga huwandu hwevanhu mune zvejogirafi inzvimbo inoshanduka uye inokosha inosanganisa kunzwisisa kwevanhu nekuongorora nzvimbo. Inopa maturusi neruzivo rwakakosha pakugadzirisa dzimwe dzenyaya dzinonetsa pasi rose, kubva pakukura kwemaguta nekutarisira zviwanikwa kusvika kuhurongwa hwevanhu nekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza. Sezvo huwandu hwevanhu huchiramba huchichinja uye nzanga ichichinja, kuverenga huwandu hwevanhu kucharamba kuri pamberi pezvidzidzo zvejogirafi, zvichigonesa kuita sarudzo dzakananga uye kuronga ramangwana rinogara kwenguva refu.
