Mbiri ya Kukula kwa Masamu Kuyambira Zaka Zambiri
Masamu ndi sayansi yomwe yakhalapo kuyambira pachiyambi cha chitukuko cha anthu ndipo yapitiliza kukula, kukhala imodzi mwa mfundo zazikulu za sayansi yamakono. Kukula kwa masamu kungawonekere m'mbiri yonse, kuyambira nthawi zakale mpaka nthawi yamakono ya digito. Nkhaniyi ifotokoza mokwanira momwe masamu asinthira pakapita nthawi.
Kale: Chiyambi cha Masamu
Masamu monga sayansi ali ndi mizu yakale kwambiri. Umboni wakale kwambiri wa kukhalapo kwake unayamba m'nthawi zakale, ndipo zinthu zakale monga fupa la Ishango lochokera ku Africa, lomwe akuti lili ndi zaka pafupifupi 20.000. Fupa ili limasonyeza zizindikiro zowerengera zoyambira.
Ku Mesopotamia, cha m'ma 3000 BC, anthu a ku Sumeriya adapanga njira yowerengera manambala ya sexagesimal (base-60) yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwerengera nthawi (maola, mphindi, ndi masekondi) ndi ma angles (madigiri 360 mu bwalo). Mapiritsi a dongo a nthawi imeneyi amasonyeza masamu oyambira, algebra, komanso ma quadratic equation.
Aigupto akale, pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo, nawonso adapereka chithandizo chachikulu pa masamu, makamaka geometry. Aigupto ankagwiritsa ntchito masamu pazinthu zosiyanasiyana, monga kuyeza nthaka, kumanga nyumba, ndi zakuthambo.
Nthawi Yakale: Masamu Achigiriki ndi Achiroma
Chitukuko cha Agiriki akale chinathandiza kwambiri pakukula kwa masamu. Anthu monga Thales, Pythagoras, ndi Euclid ndi omwe anakhazikitsa maziko a masamu omwe akugwiritsidwabe ntchito mpaka pano. Euclid, m'buku lake lalikulu lakuti "Elements," anakhazikitsa mfundo ndi mfundo zomwe zinakhala maziko a geometry ya Euclidean.
Pythagoras amadziwika ndi chiphunzitso chake cha Pythagorean, chomwe ndi chofunikira kwambiri pa geometry ya triangle yolunjika kumanja. Archimedes wa ku Syracuse amadziwikanso ndi ntchito yake mu geometry, calculus yoyambirira, ndi hydrostatics. Archimedes adayambitsanso malingaliro a chiŵerengero ndi infinity, zomwe zidayamba kukhala chiyambi cha calculus.
Mu nthawi ya Aroma, ngakhale kuti panalibe kupita patsogolo kwakukulu mu chiphunzitso cha masamu, kugwiritsa ntchito masamu pazinthu zothandiza monga uinjiniya ndi nkhani zankhondo kunakula kwambiri. Iwo anatengera ndikupanga machitidwe a manambala a Agiriki ndi Aigupto.
Zaka zapakati: Mphamvu ya Chitukuko cha Chisilamu
Mu Middle Ages, chitukuko cha Chisilamu chinakhala malo ophunzirira zasayansi, kuphatikizapo masamu. Aarabu sanangosunga ndi kumasulira mabuku a masamu achigiriki ndi Aroma okha komanso anaperekanso zopereka zawo.
Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi anali m'modzi mwa akatswiri odziwika bwino a masamu a nthawi imeneyo, omwe ntchito yawo, "Al-Kitab al-Mukhtasar fi Hisab al-Jabr wal-Muqabala," inakhala maziko a algebra. Mawu akuti "algebra" amachokera ku mutu wa bukuli. Kuphatikiza apo, chitukuko cha Chisilamu chinapanganso dongosolo la manambala a decimal ndikuyambitsa lingaliro la "zero" kuchokera ku masamu aku India kupita kumayiko akumadzulo.
Akatswiri a masamu monga Omar Khayyam nawonso adapereka chithandizo chachikulu pa algebra ndi geometry. Kuphatikiza apo, matebulo a trigonometric omwe adapangidwa ndi akatswiri a masamu aku Persia adagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pa zakuthambo ndi kuyenda panyanja.
Kubadwanso Kwatsopano: Kukwera kwa Masamu ku Ulaya
Pa nthawi ya Renaissance ku Ulaya, masamu anayamba kubwereranso. Kupanga kwa Johannes Gutenberg njira yosindikizira kunathandiza kuti ntchito zakale ndi zamakono zifalikire kwambiri. Anthu monga Fibonacci ndi omwe anayambitsa mndandanda womwe pambuyo pake unatchedwa dzina lake, zomwe zinathandiza pa chiphunzitso cha manambala.
Pa nthawi yomweyo, chitukuko cha algebra chinapitirira pamene ziwerengero monga René Descartes ndi Pierre de Fermat zinayamba kuonekera. Descartes adapanga geometry yosanthula, kuphatikiza algebra ndi geometry, pomwe Fermat amadziwika chifukwa cha zopereka zake mu chiphunzitso cha manambala ndi kuwerengera.
Kuphatikiza apo, kupangidwa kwa Descartes kwa njira yolumikizirana ya Cartesian kunatsegula njira yopangira ma calculus ndi kusanthula. Chiwerengero cha akatswiri a masamu omwe ankachita kafukufuku ndi kufufuza chinawonjezekanso kwambiri panthawiyi.
Masiku Ano: Chiphunzitso cha Calculus ndi Manambala
Nthawi yamakono inayambitsa nthawi ya calculus, yomwe inapangidwa payokha ndi Isaac Newton ndi Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. Calculus inapereka chida chofunikira kwambiri chofufuzira kusintha, chomwe pambuyo pake chinagwiritsidwa ntchito mu fizikisi, uinjiniya, ndi madera ena ambiri.
Kupatula kuwerengera, chiphunzitso cha manambala chinalinso cholinga chachikulu, ndi zopereka kuchokera kwa anthu monga Carl Friedrich Gauss. Ntchito ya Gauss, "Disquisitiones Arithmeticae," inakhala maziko a chiphunzitso cha manambala chamakono ndi mfundo zina zosiyanasiyana mu masamu.
M'zaka za m'ma 19, akatswiri a masamu monga Augustin-Louis Cauchy ndi Bernhard Riemann adakulitsa maphunziro a kusanthula ndi geometry yosakhala ya Euclidean. Makamaka Riemann adayambitsa geometry ya Riemann, yomwe pambuyo pake idakhala maziko a chiphunzitso cha Albert Einstein cha relativity.
Nthawi Zamakono: Masamu a Zaka za m'ma 20 ndi 21
M'zaka za m'ma 20, masamu adakula mofulumira ndipo adakhala osamveka bwino. Anthu monga David Hilbert adapanga pulogalamu ya Hilbert, yomwe idayesa kukhazikitsa maziko olimba a masamu onse. Ngakhale pambuyo pake zidatsimikizika kuti si mafunso onse a masamu omwe angayankhidwe mkati mwa dongosololi, pulogalamuyi idalimbikitsa kafukufuku wowonjezereka.
John von Neumann, Kurt Gödel, ndi Alan Turing adapereka zambiri pamalingaliro a masamu ndi chiphunzitso cha kuwerengera. Gödel adawonetsa kusakwanira mu machitidwe a axiom a masamu, pomwe Turing adapanga lingaliro la makina a Turing, lomwe lidakhala maziko a chiphunzitso cha makompyuta.
M'zaka za m'ma 21, masamu akupitilizabe kupita patsogolo pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wazidziwitso, fizikisi ya quantum, sayansi ya makompyuta, ndi sayansi ya deta. Masamu si chiphunzitso chongopeka chabe komanso chida chofunikira pakumvetsetsa ndi kukulitsa ukadaulo wamakono.
Mapeto
Kukula kwa masamu pakapita nthawi kukuwonetsa kusintha kovuta komanso kosinthasintha. Kuyambira kuwerengera koyambira m'nthawi zakale mpaka ku ziphunzitso zosamveka bwino m'zaka za m'ma 21, masamu akupitilizabe kusintha ndikusintha limodzi ndi chitukuko cha anthu. Mbiri ya masamu ikuwonetsa luso la anthu lofufuza, kumvetsetsa, ndikugwiritsa ntchito malingaliro osamveka bwino kuti athetse mavuto enieni.
