Mbiri Yakale ya Samurai ndi Code ya Bushido
Pendauluan
A Samurai anali asilikali apamwamba aku Japan omwe anakhalapo kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma 8 mpaka m'ma 19. Ankadziwika osati chifukwa cha luso lawo pankhondo komanso chifukwa cha malamulo awo okhwima, omwe amadziwika kuti Bushido. Bushido, kutanthauza "Njira ya Msilikali," inali mndandanda wa malamulo ndi mfundo zamakhalidwe abwino zomwe zinkalamulira mbali zonse za moyo wa a Samurai. Nkhaniyi ifufuza mbiri yakale ya a Samurai ndi malamulo a makhalidwe abwino omwe ankatsatira.
Chiyambi cha Samurai
Mawu akuti "samurai" amachokera ku mawu akuti "saburau," omwe amatanthauza "kutumikira." Poyamba, samurai anali gulu lankhondo lomwe linali ndi ntchito yoteteza eni malo ndi akuluakulu apamwamba mu nthawi ya Heian (794-1185). Kukula kwa mphamvu za samurai kunaonekera panthawiyi, pamene mafuko akuluakulu monga Taira ndi Minamoto ankakangana kuti apeze mphamvu.
Kumapeto kwa nthawi ya Heian, fuko la Minamoto linagonjetsa bwino fuko la Taira mu nkhondo ya Genpei (1180-1185), yomwe pamapeto pake inalimbitsa udindo wa samurai mu dongosolo la ndale la Japan. Mu nthawi ya Kamakura (1185-1333), samurai anakhala gulu lalikulu m'boma pambuyo poti Minamoto no Yoritomo yakhazikitsa Kamakura Shogunate mu 1192.
Khodi ya Bushido
Bushido si chikalata chovomerezeka chomwe chinapangidwa panthawi inayake, koma ndi mndandanda wa makhalidwe omwe adasintha pakapita nthawi. Bushido ikuphatikizapo mfundo monga kuwona mtima, kulimba mtima, chifundo, ulemu, umphumphu, ulemu, ndi kukhulupirika. Pamlingo wauzimu, Bushido ikuphatikizaponso machitidwe ndi malingaliro a Zen Buddhism komanso zisonkhezero zochokera ku Shinto ndi Confucianism.
1. Gi (Kuona Mtima ndi Chilungamo)
A Samurai ayenera kukhala oona mtima komanso olungama nthawi zonse, m'zochita zawo ndi m'maganizo awo. Choonadi ndiye maziko a zisankho zonse.
2. Yu (Kulimba mtima)
Kulimba mtima komwe kumatchulidwa mu Bushido kumaphatikizapo kulimba mtima kwa makhalidwe abwino komanso kwakuthupi. Samurai ankafunika osati kokha kuti akhale wolimba mtima pankhondo, komanso kuti akhale wolimba mtima pokumana ndi zovuta zenizeni.
3. Jin (Chifundo)
Ndi mphamvu zazikulu, samurai ayenera kukhala ndi chifundo ndikugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zake kuteteza omwe ali ofooka.
4. Rei (Ulemu)
A Samurai nthawi zonse ankafunika kulemekeza anzawo, omwe anali pansi pawo, komanso adani awo. Ulemu unali chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakulankhulana ndi anthu.
5. Makoto (Umphumphu ndi Kuona Mtima)
Mawu aliwonse omwe samurai ankanena ankayenera kudalirika. Anayenera kudzipereka ku zomwe adalonjeza ndi mtima wonse.
6. Meiyo (Wolemekezeka)
Ulemu ndi mfundo yotsogolera ya samurai. Kutaya ulemu kumatanthauza kutaya chilichonse, kotero chochita chilichonse ndi chisankho chilichonse chiyenera kukhazikika pa ulemu.
7. Chugi (Kukhulupirika)
Kukhulupirika kosalekeza kwa mbuye kunali gawo lofunika kwambiri pa moyo wa samurai. Kukhulupirika kumeneku kunafikiranso kwa mabanja awo ndi mabwenzi awo.
Ulemerero ndi Kusintha kwa Samurai
Kutchuka kwa samurai kunachitika mu nthawi ya Muromachi (1336–1573) ndi nthawi ya Sengoku (1467–1615). Iyi inali nthawi imene mafuko a samurai anali amphamvu ndipo nkhondo ya mafuko inali yofala. Munthawi imeneyi, mfuti zinabweretsedwa ku Japan ndi amalonda aku Portugal, zomwe zinakhudza pang'ono kalembedwe ka nkhondo ka samurai, komwe kankadalira kwambiri malupanga (katanas) ndi uta.
Mu 1603, Tokugawa Ieyasu adagwirizanitsa Japan ndikukhazikitsa Tokugawa Shogunate, yomwe idapitilira mpaka 1868. Munthawi ya Edo iyi, ngakhale kuti anali ndi udindo wapamwamba m'gulu la anthu, udindo wa asilikali a samurai unachepetsedwa chifukwa nthawiyo inali yokhazikika komanso yopanda mikangano yambiri.
Samurai Masiku Ano
Nthawi ya Edo inatha ndi Kubwezeretsa kwa Meiji mu 1868, komwe kunabweretsa Japan kuchoka ku ulamuliro wa feudalism kufika ku nthawi yamakono. Kubwezeretsa kwa Meiji kunabweretsa kusintha kwakukulu, kuphatikizapo kuthetsedwa kwa dongosolo la magulu lomwe linachepetsa udindo ndi udindo wa samurai. Gulu lankhondo la dziko la Japan linakhazikitsidwa, m'malo mwa samurai ngati gulu lalikulu lankhondo.
Ngakhale kuti udindo wa samurai m'gulu la anthu wachepa, makhalidwe a Bushido adakalipobe, ndipo akukhala mbali ya makhalidwe abwino ndi ntchito za ku Japan. Malingaliro monga kukhulupirika, ulemu, ndi umphumphu, ochokera ku Bushido, akadali ofunika kwambiri mu ulamuliro wamakono wankhondo wa ku Japan komanso machitidwe amalonda.
Mphamvu ya Samurai pa Chikhalidwe Chotchuka
Samurai ndi Bushido akhala ndi mphamvu yaikulu pa chikhalidwe chodziwika bwino, osati ku Japan kokha komanso padziko lonse lapansi. Samurai akhala akufotokozedwa m'mabuku ambiri, mafilimu, ndi zaluso. Zithunzi za samurai nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi zochitika zazikulu zomwe zimaphatikiza luso lankhondo ndi zovuta zovuta zamakhalidwe abwino, zomwe zimagogomezera mfundo za Bushido.
Makanema monga "The Last Samurai," ndi ntchito za Akira Kurosawa monga "Seven Samurai" ndi "Yojimbo" awonetsa kukongola ndi makhalidwe abwino a samurai kwa omvera padziko lonse lapansi. Ngakhale m'chikhalidwe cha Kumadzulo, lingaliro la msilikali nthawi zambiri limakopeka m'njira yofanana ndi ya Bushido.
Mapeto
Mbiri ya samurai ndi malamulo a Bushido ndi mbali zofunika kwambiri m'mbiri ndi chikhalidwe cha ku Japan. Samurai sanali ankhondo aluso okha pankhondo komanso anthu omwe ankatsatira mfundo za makhalidwe abwino. Malamulo a Bushido amapereka chidziwitso chakuya pa khalidwe la ntchito, ulemu, ndi makhalidwe abwino kuposa nthawi ndi malo.
A samurai adapita kalekale, koma mzimu wawo ndi makhalidwe awo omwe adatsatira zikupitirizabe kukhalapo, zomwe zimalimbikitsa ku Japan komanso padziko lonse lapansi. Cholowa cha samurai ndi Bushido chimatikumbutsa kufunika kokhala ndi moyo wangwiro, wolimba mtima, komanso ulemu.
