Kulimbana kwa Mahatma Gandhi Kuti India Idzilamulire Yokha
Mahatma Gandhi, kapena Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi kwathunthu, ndi m'modzi mwa anthu otchuka kwambiri m'mbiri ya dziko lapansi. Amadziwika kwambiri chifukwa cha udindo wake pankhondo yomenyera ufulu wa anthu aku India kuchokera ku ulamuliro wa atsamunda aku Britain. Nkhondo yake, yomwe ikugogomezera mfundo za kusachita zachiwawa ndi satyagraha (mphamvu yeniyeni), idalimbikitsa magulu omasula anthu padziko lonse lapansi. Nkhaniyi ifufuza za moyo wa Gandhi ndi zomwe adachita pa ufulu wa anthu aku India.
Mbiri ndi Maphunziro
Gandhi anabadwa pa 2 Okutobala, 1869, ku Porbandar, tawuni yaying'ono ku Gujarat, India. Anachokera m'banja lolemera; abambo ake anali mkulu wa boma, ndipo amayi ake anali okonda kwambiri zachipembedzo. Gandhi anakulira m'dera lachihindu lodzipereka, lomwe linkapanga makhalidwe ndi mfundo zambiri zomwe ankazikonda kwambiri pa moyo wake wonse.
Ali ndi zaka 19, Gandhi anasamukira ku England kukaphunzira zamalamulo ku University College London. Atamaliza maphunziro ake, anabwerera ku India ndipo anayamba ntchito yake monga loya. Komabe, mu 1893, analandira ntchito ku South Africa, komwe kunalinso pansi pa ulamuliro wa Britain panthawiyo. Zomwe zinachitika ku South Africa zinali zofunika kwambiri pakupanga mfundo zandale ndi chikhalidwe cha Gandhi.
South Africa ndi Chiyambi cha Kutsutsa
Ku South Africa, Gandhi anazindikira msanga za tsankho ndi tsankho lomwe anthu aku India amakumana nalo. Chochitika chodziwika bwino chokakamizidwa kutuluka m'chipinda chapamwamba pa sitima chifukwa cha khungu lake chinakhala chinthu chomwe chinalimbitsa kudzipereka kwake polimbana ndi chisalungamo. Pa zaka 21 zomwe anakhala ku South Africa, Gandhi anayambitsa gulu loyamba lopanda chiwawa lomenyera ufulu wa anthu aku India kumeneko. Anakhazikitsa gulu la anthu aku India ndipo anatsogolera ziwonetsero zambiri zamtendere, zotchedwa satyagrahas.
Kubwerera ku India: Kumanga Kayendedwe
Mu 1915, Gandhi anabwerera ku India ndipo anayamba kulimbikitsa mfundo za satyagraha kudziko lakwawo. Panthawiyo India inali pansi pa ulamuliro wa Britain, ndipo anthu ankavutika ndi mfundo zosiyanasiyana zogwiritsa ntchito molakwika. Gandhi anaona yekha mavuto a alimi ku Champaran, Bihar, omwe anakakamizika kulima indigo pamitengo yosayenera ndi eni nyumba othandizidwa ndi Britain.
Gandhi anayambitsa gulu lochita ziwonetsero zopanda chiwawa ku Champaran, zomwe zinakopa chidwi cha dziko lonse ndi mayiko ena. Kupambana ku Champaran kunalimbitsa udindo wake monga mtsogoleri wothandiza pankhondo yomenyera ufulu wa anthu. Pambuyo pake Gandhi anayambitsanso magulu ofanana ku Kheda ndi Ahmedabad.
Kusagwirizana ndi Mchere wa Salt March
Limodzi mwa magulu akuluakulu omwe Gandhi ankatsogolera linali gulu losachita nawo mgwirizano la 1920-1922. Iye anapempha anthu aku India kuti asiye kuchirikiza ulamuliro wa atsamunda aku Britain. Izi zinaphatikizapo kukana kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu, masukulu, ndi makhoti a atsamunda aku Britain. Pakadali pano, gululi linapambana kwambiri, ndipo linakhudza anthu mamiliyoni ambiri ochokera m'mitundu yonse.
Komabe, kayendetsedwe kake kanayimitsidwa kwakanthawi chifukwa cha chiwawa chomwe chinachitika ku Chauri Chaura mu February 1922, pomwe otsutsa anatentha siteshoni ya apolisi, zomwe zinapha apolisi ambiri. Gandhi, yemwe ankakhulupirira kwambiri kuti palibe chiwawa, anaganiza zothetsa kayendetsedwe kake. Izi zinasonyeza kuti anali ndi makhalidwe abwino, osafuna kusiya mfundo zake.
Mu 1930, Gandhi adayambitsa Salt March (Dandi March), chiwonetsero chotsutsa ulamuliro wa Britain pa mchere ku India. Pa ulendowu, Gandhi adayenda makilomita pafupifupi 240 kuchokera ku Sabarmati Ashram kupita kugombe la Dandi kuti akapange mchere wake. Anthu zikwizikwi adalowa nawo mu ulendowu, womwe unakhala chizindikiro cha kukana mwamtendere ndipo unalimbikitsa anthu kutsutsa mfundo za atsamunda. Mpikisano wa Salt March unakopa chidwi cha dziko lonse lapansi ndipo unalimbitsa kwambiri kufuna kwa India ufulu wodzilamulira.
Siyani Kusuntha kwa India ndi Kudziyimira Pawokha
M'zaka za m'ma 1940, mavuto andale padziko lonse lapansi adakhudzanso India. Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse idafooketsa Britain ndipo idasiya Britain ili pachiwopsezo cha kukakamizidwa ndi mayiko ena. Mu 1942, Gandhi adayambitsa Quit India Movement, akupempha kuti Britain ichotsedwe nthawi yomweyo ku India. Adapereka mawu akuti "Do or Die," akulimbikitsa anthu aku India kuti amenyane mosalekeza mpaka ufulu wawo utapezeka.
Chifukwa cha Quit India Movement, anthu zikwizikwi, kuphatikizapo Gandhi ndi atsogoleri ena a Indian National Congress, anamangidwa ndi boma la atsamunda. Komabe, mzimu wotsutsa sunachepe, koma unakula kwambiri. Kudzera mu zovuta zosiyanasiyana zandale, chikhalidwe cha anthu, komanso zapadziko lonse, India potsiriza inapeza ufulu wodzilamulira pa Ogasiti 15, 1947.
Cholowa ndi Kudzoza
Gandhi sanangomenyera ufulu wa anthu aku India komanso anakhazikitsa maziko a makhalidwe abwino ndi a ndale komanso nkhondo za anthu. Mfundo za satya (chowonadi) ndi ahimsa (kusachita zachiwawa) zomwe adalimbikitsa ndi kuphunzitsa zakhudza anthu ambiri otchuka a m'zaka za m'ma 20. Anthu monga Martin Luther King Jr., Nelson Mandela, ndi Dalai Lama ndi ena mwa omwe adalimbikitsidwa ndi ziphunzitso zake.
Gandhi anasiyanso mbiri yakale mu njira ya zachuma ndi zachikhalidwe. Iye analimbikitsa Swadeshi, kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zopangidwa m'deralo ngati njira yotsutsa ulamuliro wa atsamunda, komanso analimbikitsa ufulu wodzilamulira ndi chitukuko cha midzi ya Amwenye.
Mapeto
Nkhondo ya Mahatma Gandhi yomenyera ufulu wa anthu aku India inali ulendo wautali komanso wovuta, koma ulendowu unatenga nthawi yayitali komanso molimbika mtima. Kudzera mu njira yake yopanda chiwawa komanso kumvetsetsa kwake choonadi ndi chilungamo, Gandhi adalimbikitsa bwino mzimu wotsutsa pakati pa anthu aku India ndipo pamapeto pake adapeza ufulu wa dziko lake. Mpaka lero, mfundo ndi ziphunzitso za Gandhi zikupitilizabe kulimbikitsa nkhondo ya ufulu, ufulu wa anthu, ndi chilungamo cha anthu padziko lonse lapansi.
