Chikhalidwe ndi Mbiri ya Amwenye aku America
Mawu akuti "Amwenye aku America" kapena "Amwenye aku America" amatanthauza anthu osiyanasiyana a m'deralo omwe ankakhala ku North America kale kwambiri Azungu asanafike. Ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri amatchulidwa ngati gulu limodzi, kwenikweni amapangidwa ndi mafuko mazana ambiri okhala ndi zilankhulo zosiyana, miyambo, zikhulupiriro, ndi njira za moyo. Kuchokera kumadera akuluakulu a Great Plains, nkhalango za Kum'mawa, zipululu za Kumwera chakumadzulo, ndi Arctic, malo aliwonse okhala ndi chikhalidwe chawochawo. Kumvetsetsa mbiri ndi chikhalidwe cha mafuko a Amwenye aku America kumatanthauzanso kumvetsetsa kulimba mtima kwawo, luso lawo, komanso kulimbana kwawo kwa nthawi yayitali ndi ukoloni ndi nthawi yosintha.
Kusiyanasiyana kwa Mitundu ndi Zilankhulo
Asanakumane ndi anthu aku Europe, North America inkakhala ndi anthu akuluakulu ndi ang'onoang'ono omwe adagawidwa m'magulu a anthu, midzi, kapena magulu oyendayenda. Mitundu ina yodziwika bwino ndi monga Navajo (Diné), Cherokee, Lakota (Sioux), Apache, Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), Hopi, ndi Inuit (ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri amakambidwa mosiyana pachikhalidwe komanso m'madera osiyanasiyana). Amalankhula mabanja a zilankhulo zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo Algonquian, Iroquoian, Siouan, Athabaskan, ndi Uto-Aztecan. Chilankhulo si njira yolankhulirana chabe, komanso ndi mzati wa chidziwitso, miyambo, ndi zachilengedwe zomwe zimadutsa m'mibadwomibadwo.
Moyo ndi Ubale ndi Chilengedwe
Zikhalidwe zambiri za Amwenye aku America zimagogomezera ubale wabwino ndi chilengedwe. Dziko, madzi, nyama, ndi zomera si chuma chokha koma ndi gawo la ukonde wopatulika wa moyo. Ku Great Plains, mafuko monga a Lakota ndi a Cheyenne ankatsatira njati, pogwiritsa ntchito pafupifupi gawo lililonse la nyamayo pa chakudya, zovala, mahema (tipi), ndi zida. Kum'mwera chakumadzulo, a Hopi ndi a Zuni adapanga njira zolima chimanga ndi ulimi wothirira m'malo ouma, ndikupanga zomangamanga zolimba za pueblo kuchokera ku miyala ndi dongo. Pakadali pano, mafuko aku Northwest Coast monga a Tlingit ndi a Haida adagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zam'madzi, makamaka nsomba ya salimoni, ndipo adapanga zojambula zodziwika bwino zamatabwa ndi zaluso za totem.
Machitidwe a Anthu ndi Ndale
Magulu ambiri a Amwenye Achimereka anali ndi machitidwe ovuta andale. Mgwirizano wa Iroquois (Haudenosaunee) nthawi zambiri umakambidwa ngati chitsanzo cha boma la mgwirizano lozikidwa pa mfundo zoganizira ndi kuyimira. Kapangidwe kawo ka chikhalidwe kankakhudza mafuko, nthawi zambiri a mabanja, komwe fuko ndi ufulu wina zinkadutsa kumbali ya amayi. Akazi nawonso anali ndi gawo lofunika m'madera ambiri, kuphatikizapo kasamalidwe ka chakudya, kusankha atsogoleri, ndi kusunga miyambo. Komabe, panali kusiyanasiyana kwakukulu: magulu ena anali ndi maudindo akuluakulu ndi mafumu ndi olemekezeka, pomwe ena anali ofanana kwambiri.
Chikhulupiriro, Uzimu, ndi Mwambo
Zikhulupiriro za anthu aku America ndi zosiyanasiyana, koma zambiri zimagogomezera zauzimu zomwe zili m'chilengedwe ndi moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Nkhani za kulengedwa, mizimu yoteteza, ndi miyambo ndizofunikira kwambiri pa moyo wa anthu ammudzi. Ku Zigwa, miyambo monga Sun Dance imayimira nsembe, kuyeretsedwa, ndi kukonzanso kwauzimu. Kum'mwera chakumadzulo, kuvina kwa Hopi kachina kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi mizimu yolumikizirana yomwe imabweretsa mvula ndi kulinganiza. Miyambo ya pakamwa—kudzera m'nkhani, nyimbo, ndi zizindikiro—imagwira ntchito ngati “chosungira chamoyo” chomwe chimatsimikizira kuti chidziwitso ndi makhalidwe abwino zimaperekedwa popanda kulemba.
Zaluso, Ntchito Zamanja, ndi Chikhalidwe
Luso m'zikhalidwe za anthu aku America si lokongola kokha komanso limagwira ntchito bwino komanso lofunika. Kuluka kwa anthu aku Navajo kumadziwika ndi mapangidwe ake a geometric ndi khalidwe lake, pomwe mikanda ya Plains inali chizindikiro cha umunthu ndi udindo pagulu. Zoumba m'chigawo cha Pueblo zili ndi mwambo wautali, nthawi zambiri zimakongoletsedwa ndi zojambula zokhudzana ndi chilengedwe. Zojambula zamatabwa ndi zophimba nkhope m'chigawo cha Northwest Coast zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamwambo komanso kutsimikizira mbiri ya banja. Ntchito zambiri zaluso zachikhalidwe zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati njira zachuma, makamaka chifukwa anthu ammudzi adayenera kuzolowera msika wamakono.
Mbiri Yakale Yolumikizana ndi Europe
Asanayambe kulamulira dzikolo, anthu a ku America anali mamiliyoni ambiri, okhala ndi malo okhala anthu komanso malo ogulitsira malonda pakati pa madera osiyanasiyana. Kulumikizana ndi anthu aku Europe, komwe kunayamba kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 15 ndipo kunakula m'zaka mazana otsatira, kunabweretsa kusintha kwakukulu. Kuwonjezera pa mikangano ndi mikangano ya madera, zotsatirapo zoopsa kwambiri zinabwera chifukwa cha matenda monga nthomba ndi chikuku, zomwe zinafalikira mofulumira ndikupha anthu ambiri omwe analibe chitetezo chamthupi. Nthawi yomweyo, panali kusinthana kwa zinthu ndi ukadaulo, kuphatikizapo kavalo, zomwe zinasintha miyoyo ya mafuko a ku Plains, kukulitsa kuyenda komanso kugwira ntchito bwino kwa kusaka njati.
Ukoloni, Mapangano, ndi Kuthamangitsidwa Kwaukali
Pamene dziko la United States linkayamba kukula, kukula kwake kumadzulo kunapangitsa kuti pakhale mapangano ambiri osweka ndi nkhondo ndi mafuko osiyanasiyana. M'zaka za m'ma 19, anthu ambiri anasamukira kumayiko ena mokakamizidwa. Chimodzi mwa zinthu zodziwika bwino kwambiri chinali “Trail of Tears” m'zaka za m'ma 1830, pamene a Cherokee ndi magulu ena anathamangitsidwa kuchoka m'dziko lawo la makolo awo kum'mwera chakum'mawa kupita ku dziko lomwe tsopano ndi Oklahoma. Anthu ambirimbiri anafa chifukwa cha njala, matenda, komanso kusayenda bwino. Kuphatikiza apo, mfundo zosungira malo zinakakamiza mafuko ambiri kukhazikika m'madera omwe boma linawasankha, nthawi zambiri kutali ndi malo awo achikhalidwe.
Sukulu Zogwirizanitsa ndi Kutayika kwa Chilankhulo
Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 19 ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 20, mfundo zogwirizanitsa ana zinakula kwambiri, pamene ana a ku America anakhazikitsa masukulu ogona ana a ku America. M'malo ambiri, ana analekanitsidwa ndi mabanja awo, analetsedwa kulankhula zilankhulo zawo, ndipo anakakamizidwa kutsatira chikhalidwe chofala. Zotsatira zake zinali zokhalitsa: kuvutika kwa mibadwo yosiyanasiyana, kutayika kwa chilankhulo, ndi kusokonezeka kwa kufalitsa kwachikhalidwe. Komabe, ngakhale kuti panali kuponderezedwa, madera ambiri ankasunga miyambo yachikhalidwe mobisa ndipo pambuyo pake anaibwezeretsa pamene mikhalidwe ya anthu ndi ndale inayamba kukhala yabwino.
Kukwera kwa Gulu Lotsutsa Ufulu Wachibadwidwe ndi Kulimbitsa Ufulu Wachibadwidwe
Kulowa pakati pa zaka za m'ma 20, magulu anayamba kufuna kuti ufulu, ulamuliro, ndi kulemekeza mapangano a anthu aku America. Anthu a ku America anayamba kuwonekera kwambiri pankhani za malo, maphunziro, ndi kasamalidwe ka zinthu. Mafuko ambiri analimbitsa maboma a mafuko, anakhazikitsa mapulogalamu okonzanso zilankhulo, ndipo anakhazikitsa nyumba zosungiramo zinthu zakale ndi malo osungiramo zinthu zakale. Kudziwika tsopano kunakhala malo okambirana pakati pa miyambo ndi zamakono: anthu ena a mafuko ankakhala m'malo osungira zinthu, ena m'mizinda, koma anakhalabe olumikizidwa kudzera m'madera, miyambo, ndi mabanja.
Chikhalidwe cha Amwenye aku America mu Nthawi Yamakono
Masiku ano, mafuko a anthu aku America akukumana ndi mavuto komanso mwayi. Mavutowa akuphatikizapo umphawi, mwayi wopeza chithandizo chamankhwala, komanso mikangano ya nthaka ndi mafakitale. Komabe, pali kubwezeretsedwa kwa chikhalidwe kudzera mu kuphunzitsa zilankhulo, zaluso zamakono, mafilimu, nyimbo, ndi mabuku opangidwa ndi akatswiri aluso aku America. Madera ambiri akutsimikiziranso lingaliro la ulamuliro—ufulu wowongolera nkhani zamkati, kusunga miyambo, ndikusankha komwe chitukuko chidzayendere. Njira zamakono zophunzirira ndi ukadaulo zikugwiritsidwanso ntchito kulemba nthano, kubwezeretsa zilankhulo, ndikufalitsa chidziwitso cha mbiri yakale kuchokera ku malingaliro a anthu aku America.
Kutseka
Chikhalidwe ndi mbiri ya anthu aku America ndi nkhani za kusiyanasiyana kwapadera, kuyandikira chilengedwe, komanso kulimba mtima poyang'anizana ndi zovuta za ukoloni ndi kusintha kwa zinthu. Si "zotsalira zakale," koma ndi madera okhala, omwe akusintha nthawi zonse, komanso omwe akuthandizira chikhalidwe chapadziko lonse lapansi. Kumvetsetsa izi ndiko kuzindikira kuti North America imapangidwa ndi anthu ambiri omwe ali ndi cholowa chachitali, ndipo chilungamo cha m'mbiri chingapezeke kokha mwa kuzindikira, kulemekeza ufulu, ndi malo oti anthu aku America afotokoze nkhani zawo m'mawu awoawo.
