Udindo wa Plato pa Kukula kwa Filosofi
Plato (pafupifupi 427–347 BC) ndi m'modzi mwa anthu otchuka kwambiri m'mbiri ya filosofi ya Kumadzulo. Sanali wophunzira wa Socrates yekha, komanso woyambitsa Academy ku Athens—sukulu yomwe nthawi zambiri imaonedwa ngati “yunivesite” yoyamba kumayiko akumadzulo. Kudzera mu zokambirana zake za filosofi, Plato adapanga momwe anthu amaganizira za chowonadi, chidziwitso, makhalidwe abwino, ndale, ndi zenizeni. Udindo wake pakukula kwa filosofi ndi wofunika kwambiri kotero kuti malingaliro ake adakhala mfundo yofunika kwambiri m'masukulu osiyanasiyana otsatira a malingaliro, kuyambira Aristotle mpaka Neoplatonism mpaka filosofi yamakono.
Chiyambi ndi Chikhalidwe cha Maganizo a Plato
Plato anakhalapo nthawi ya chisokonezo cha ndale ku Athens, makamaka pambuyo pa Nkhondo ya Peloponnesian ndi kuphedwa kwa Socrates (399 BC). Zochitika za imfa ya Socrates zinakhudza kwambiri Plato: anaona momwe maganizo a anthu ndi njira za demokalase zingasokeretsere anthu osatsogoleredwa ndi chidziwitso ndi nzeru. Kuchokera mu izi, nkhawa ya Plato ndi mitu ya chilungamo, ulamuliro wabwino, ndi maphunziro a makhalidwe abwino zinaonekera. Ntchito zake zimakhala ngati zokambirana, osati zolemba zokhazikika, kotero kuti owerenga apemphedwe kuti aone njira yofunafuna choonadi kudzera mu mafunso ndi mayankho, kutsutsa, ndi kukulitsa mfundo.
Njira Yokambirana ndi Cholowa cha Socrates
Chimodzi mwa zinthu zazikulu zomwe Plato adapereka chinali kusunga njira ya Socrates, njira yophunzirira kudzera mu zokambirana zowunikira (elenchus). Kudzera mu zokambirana zoyambirira monga Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, ndi Laches, Plato akuwonetsa Socrates ngati munthu amene amatsutsa malingaliro wamba ndikuyesa matanthauzidwe a malingaliro abwino monga "chipembedzo," "kulimba mtima," ndi "chilungamo." Njira iyi ndi yofunika kwambiri pakukula kwa filosofi chifukwa imagogomezera kuti chidziwitso si malingaliro kapena miyambo yokha, koma chiyenera kuyesedwa ndi kulingalira kokhazikika. Mwambo uwu wofufuza mozama pambuyo pake unakhala maziko a njira ya filosofi ndipo, pamapeto pake, unakhudzanso mzimu wasayansi.
Chiphunzitso cha Mafomu ndi Metaphysics
Chopereka chodziwika kwambiri cha Plato ndi chiphunzitso chake cha Mafomu kapena Malingaliro (Mafomu). Malinga ndi Plato, dziko lomwe timaliona ndi malingaliro athu limasintha nthawi zonse, silikhala lokhazikika, ndipo nthawi zambiri limanyenga. Chifukwa chake, chidziwitso chenicheni sichingadalire kwathunthu zomwe timakumana nazo. Plato adati kumbuyo kwa zinthu zomwe zimasintha kuli zenizeni zapamwamba komanso zosatha: Mafomu, monga "Chilungamo chokha," "Kukongola kokha," kapena "Ubwino wokha." Zinthu za dziko lino zimangotenga nawo mbali kapena "kutsanzira" Mafomu awa.
Lingaliro limeneli linakhudza kwambiri metaphysics: Plato anayambitsa kusiyana komveka bwino pakati pa maonekedwe ndi zenizeni. Mkangano wokhudza "chilengedwe chonse" ndi "zapadera" mu filosofi ya pambuyo pake - kuphatikizapo Middle Ages - unachokera kwa Plato kwambiri. Ngakhale pamene chiphunzitso cha Mafomu chinatsutsidwa (mwachitsanzo, ndi Aristotle), vuto lomwe adapereka lidali lofunika kwambiri pa mfundo za filosofi.
Epistemology: Chidziwitso monga Kukumbukira ndi Kulingalira
Mu epistemology, Plato amadziwika ndi lingaliro lake lakuti chidziwitso chenicheni ndi chomveka bwino ndipo chikugwirizana ndi dziko la Mafomu. Mu zokambirana zake Meno, adapereka lingaliro la "anamnesis," kapena "chidziwitso ngati kukumbukira": mzimu unkadziwa Mafomu asanabadwe, ndipo kuphunzira ndi njira yokumbukira. Ngakhale kuti chiphunzitsochi chikumveka ngati chachilengedwe, mfundo yake yayikulu ndikugogomezera kukhalapo kwa chowonadi chomwe sichimachokera ku zokumana nazo zokha koma chingapezeke kudzera mu kulingalira.
Plato anagwiritsanso ntchito fanizo lodziwika bwino mu Republic (Politeia): fanizo la Phanga. Anthu amafanizidwa ndi akaidi m'phanga omwe amangoona mithunzi; amasokoneza mithunzi ndi zenizeni. Filosofi ndi ulendo wotuluka m'phanga kupita kuunika, ndiko kuti, kumvetsetsa zenizeni zenizeni. Fanizoli linakhudza kwambiri lingaliro la kuunikiridwa kwa nzeru ndi kumasulidwa kudzera mu maphunziro—mutu womwe ukupitilira kutuluka mu miyambo ya filosofi ndi chiphunzitso cha maphunziro.
Makhalidwe Abwino ndi Lingaliro la Zabwino Kwambiri
Kwa Plato, makhalidwe abwino ndi osiyana ndi chidziwitso. Iwo amene amadziwadi chabwino adzalimbikitsidwa kuchita zabwino. Mu The Republic, adapanga lingaliro lakuti mzimu wa munthu uli ndi magawo atatu: nzeru, kulimba mtima/mzimu (thumos), ndi zilakolako/zokhumba. Moyo wolungama umachitika pamene nzeru zimatsogolera, thumos zimathandizira, ndipo zokhumba zili pamalo awo oyenera. Dongosolo logwirizana la mzimuli linakhala chitsanzo cha makhalidwe abwino chomwe chinakhudza malingaliro a makhalidwe abwino, kuphatikizapo mwambo wa makhalidwe abwino.
Plato anaikanso "Mawonekedwe a Zabwino" ngati chimake cha zenizeni komanso gwero la dongosolo. Ubwino si kungokonda chabe, koma ndi mfundo yeniyeni yomwe imapereka tanthauzo ku choonadi ndi kukongola. Lingaliro limeneli linathandiza pakupanga malingaliro osiyanasiyana a makhalidwe abwino ndi mfundo zamtengo wapatali mu zaumulungu wa filosofi.
Filosofi Yandale: Boma Labwino ndi Kutsutsa Mphamvu
Mu ndale, Plato anakhudza zokambirana za boma, malamulo, ndi utsogoleri. Mu The Republic, anapereka lingaliro la "mfumu ya filosofi," mtsogoleri yemwe ali ndi chidziwitso cha zabwino ndipo motero amatha kulamulira mwachilungamo. Anagawanso magulu m'boma labwino: olamulira (afilosofi), alonda (asilikali), ndi opanga (alimi, amalonda, ndi zina zotero). Gawoli silimangokhala dongosolo la anthu, koma ndi fanizo la magawo atatu a moyo: boma lolungama limasonyeza mzimu wokonzedwa bwino.
Ngakhale lingaliro la Plato la boma labwino nthawi zambiri limatsutsidwa ngati lodzikuza kapena loletsa kwambiri, zopereka zake zimakhalabe zofunika: adayika mafunso akuti "chilungamo n'chiyani?" ndi "cholinga cha boma n'chiyani?" pakati pa filosofi yandale. Mabuku monga Statesman ndi Malamulo amasonyeza malingaliro enieni a Plato pa malamulo ndi mabungwe. Mphamvu ya Plato imawonekera m'miyambo yamalingaliro pa maphunziro andale, makhalidwe abwino a anthu, komanso ubale pakati pa chidziwitso ndi mphamvu.
Maphunziro ndi Chikhalidwe cha Filosofi
Kupatula malingaliro a chiphunzitso, udindo wofunika wa Plato unaonekera poyambitsa Akademia. Kumeneko, filosofi inaphunziridwa mwadongosolo pamodzi ndi masamu, zakuthambo, ndi madera ena. Akademia inabala mwambo wautali wa maphunziro a filosofi; Aristotle mwiniwake anaphunzira kumeneko kwa zaka zambiri. Bungweli linagogomezera kuti filosofi sinali ntchito ya munthu payekha, koma inali ntchito yokambirana komanso yophunzitsa—chinthu chomwe chinakhala chitsanzo cha miyambo ya sayansi yamtsogolo.
Chisonkhezero pa Aristotle, Neoplatonism, ndi Middle Ages
Aristotle anaphunzira mafunso ambiri a Plato pamene anakana mayankho ake ena. Kutsutsa kwa Aristotle chiphunzitso cha Mafomu kunafotokoza bwino mkangano wa zinthu zakale m'mbiri yonse. Pambuyo pa nthawi yakale, lingaliro la Plato linakula kudzera mu Neoplatonism (Plotinus ndi omutsatira ake), zomwe zinaphatikiza zinthu za metaphysics ya Plato ndi dongosolo lovuta lauzimu. Pambuyo pake Neoplatonism inakhudza maganizo achikhristu oyambirira (monga Augustine), komanso miyambo yachisilamu ndi yachiyuda pa ubale pakati pa Mulungu, kulingalira, ndi dziko lapansi.
Mu Middle Ages, zinthu za Plato zinkapitirirabe m'makambirano okhudza zinthu zamoyo zonse, chikhalidwe cha mzimu, ndi cholinga cha moyo wa munthu. Ngakhale m'miyambo yamakono, mitu ya Plato imawonekeranso m'malingaliro (Descartes), malingaliro (Kant mpaka Hegel), ndi makambirano amakono a zinthu zamasamu ndi zenizeni za makhalidwe abwino.
Kufunika kwa Plato ku Filosofi Yamakono
Plato akadali wofunikira chifukwa amafunsa mafunso ofunikira, osatha: Kodi chidziwitso n'chiyani? Kodi maziko a makhalidwe abwino ndi otani? Kodi malingaliro angasiyanitsidwe bwanji ndi chowonadi? Kodi maphunziro ayenera kupanga bwanji nzika? Mu nthawi ya chidziwitso ndi malingaliro osagwirizana, Allegory of the Cave imamveka yofunikira kwambiri: anthu amatha kugwa mosavuta mu "mthunzi" wa propaganda, tsankho, ndi malingaliro a anthu. Kuitana kwa Plato kuti anthu afune choonadi kudzera mu maphunziro ndi kusinkhasinkha mozama kumakhalabe uthenga wofunikira.
Mapeto
Udindo wa Plato pakukula kwa filosofi ndi wofunikira: adapanga momwe filosofi imachitikira kudzera mu zokambirana, adapereka lingaliro la zenizeni zomwe zimadutsa dziko la malingaliro, adapanga lingaliro la chidziwitso chanzeru, adapanga makhalidwe abwino kukhala khama lotsogolera moyo ku zabwino, ndipo adayika chilungamo ndi maphunziro pakati pa filosofi yandale. Kudzera mu Academy, adaperekanso chitsanzo cha bungwe lanzeru lomwe lidakali ndi mphamvu mpaka lero. Monga chilimbikitso komanso cholinga chotsutsidwa, Plato akadali mzati wofunikira m'mbiri ya malingaliro a anthu.
