Njira Zojambulira Zithunzi mu Zolemba Zakale
Kulemba zikalata ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo ofunikira kwambiri pakufufuza zakale. Kupeza kulikonse—kuyambira zinthu zazing'ono ndi mawonekedwe a stratigraphic mpaka nyumba zakale—ndi kwapadera ndipo nthawi zambiri sikungabwerezedwe pambuyo pofukula. Chifukwa chake, akatswiri ofukula zakale amafuna njira zolondola, zatsatanetsatane, komanso zodalirika zolembera. M'zaka makumi angapo zapitazi, photogrammetry yakhala njira yotsogola yolembera malo ndi zinthu zakale. Pogwiritsa ntchito zithunzi zojambulidwa kuchokera mbali zosiyanasiyana, photogrammetry imatha kupanga zitsanzo zenizeni za magawo atatu (3D), zokhala ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza mfundo zoyambira, magawo antchito, maubwino, ndi zovuta za photogrammetry mu zolemba zakale.
Kumvetsetsa Photogrammetry ndi Momwe Imagwirira Ntchito
Photogrammetry ndi njira yoyezera ndi kupanga chitsanzo cha zinthu kutengera zithunzi. Mfundo yake yayikulu ndikukonzanso mawonekedwe a 3D kuchokera ku zithunzi zingapo za 2D zomwe zimagwirizana. Pulogalamuyi imafufuza mfundo zofanana muzithunzi zingapo (kufananiza mawonekedwe), kenako imawerengera malo a kamera ndi geometry ya zinthu pogwiritsa ntchito triangulation. Zotsatira zake zitha kukhala mitambo ya mfundo zokhuthala (gulu la mfundo zokhuthala), ma meshes (malo a polygonal), ndi mamapu a mawonekedwe (magawo a mawonekedwe).
Mu nkhani ya zinthu zakale, photogrammetry ndi njira yosawononga ndipo ingagwiritsidwe ntchito m'munda (malo otseguka, nyumba, zofukulidwa) komanso m'ma laboratories (zinthu zakale, mafupa, ziwiya zadothi, zolembedwa). Kuphatikiza deta yowoneka ndi ya geometric kumapangitsa kuti ikhale yothandiza kwambiri pakusanthula ndi kufalitsa.
Nchifukwa chiyani Photogrammetry Ndi Yofunika Kwambiri mu Zakale Zakale?
Kujambula zithunzi kwakhala kotchuka chifukwa kumatha kukwaniritsa zosowa za zolemba zakale, zomwe zimafuna kulondola komanso kuchita bwino. Njira zojambulira zakale monga zojambula pamanja, kuyeza pamanja, ndi zithunzi nthawi zonse zimakhalabe zofunika, koma zili ndi zoletsa: zimawononga nthawi, zimakhala zovuta kujambula mawonekedwe ovuta, ndipo nthawi zambiri sizikwanira kusanthula mwatsatanetsatane malo.
Pogwiritsa ntchito photogrammetry, akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale angathe:
1. Lembani mwachangu momwe malowo alili musanakumbe mozama.
2. Amapanga chitsanzo cha 3D chomwe chingathe kukulitsidwa, kotero kuti mtunda, madera ndi mavoliyumu zitha kuwerengedwanso nthawi iliyonse.
3. Pangani zolemba zakale za digito zokhazikika, zothandiza pakusunga ndi kufufuzanso.
4. Wonjezerani kuwonekera bwino kwa sayansi, chifukwa deta ikhoza kugawidwa kuti itsimikizidwe.
Magawo a Kugwiritsa Ntchito Photogrammetry M'munda
Kujambula zithunzi m'malo ofukula zinthu zakale nthawi zambiri kumatsatira magawo otsatirawa.
1. Kukonzekera ndi Kukonzekera
Asanajambule, gululo liyenera kudziwa zolinga zake: ngati likufuna kulemba malo okumbidwa, zinthu zinazake (monga pansi, makoma, manda), kapena malo omwe ali. Kukonzekera kumaphatikizapo kudziwa kukula, mawonekedwe ofunikira, ndi momwe kuwala kumakhalira.
Ndikofunikanso kukonzekera malo owongolera, monga Malo Owongolera Pansi (GCPs) kapena masikelo oyezera. Ma GCP oyezedwa ndi GPS yosiyana kapena siteshoni yonse adzakuthandizani kulondola kwa georeferencing kwa chitsanzo cha 3D.
2. Kujambula Zithunzi (Kupeza Deta)
Ubwino wa chitsanzocho umadalira kwambiri ubwino wa chithunzicho. Zina mwa mfundo zazikulu za photogrammetry ndi izi:
- Kulumikizana kwakukulu: pafupifupi 70–80% pakati pa zithunzi.
- Makona osiyanasiyana ojambulira: zithunzi kuchokera pamwamba ndi kuchokera m'mbali kuti tsatanetsatane wa mawonekedwewo ajambulidwe.
- Kuyang'ana ndi kuwonetsa nthawi zonse: pewani zithunzi zosawoneka bwino kapena zakuda kwambiri/zowala kwambiri.
– Kuwala kokhazikika: mithunzi yakuthwa ingapangitse kuti kumanganso kukhale kovuta; kuwombera m'kuwala kofanana nthawi zambiri kumakhala bwino kwambiri.
M'munda, makamera amatha kunyamulidwa m'manja, kuyikidwa pa tripod, kapena kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ma drones m'malo akuluakulu. Pa zolemba zakufukula pamwamba, kujambula zithunzi za nadir (zolunjika kuchokera pamwamba) ndikofala kwambiri.
3. Kukonza mu Mapulogalamu
Zithunzi zikasonkhanitsidwa, deta imakonzedwa pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya photogrammetry (monga Agisoft Metashape, RealityCapture, kapena mapulogalamu otseguka monga Meshroom). Njira zokonzera nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo:
- Konzani Zithunzi: imatsimikiza malo a kamera ndikupanga mtambo wa malo ochepa.
- Pangani Mtambo Wautali: imapanga gulu la mfundo zokhuthala.
– Pangani Mesh: imamanga pamwamba pa chitsanzocho.
- Kupanga Kapangidwe: kumamatira kapangidwe ka chithunzi pamwamba.
- Kukulitsa/Kuyang'ana malo: lowetsani sikelo kapena ma coordinates a GCP kuti chitsanzocho chigwirizane ndi kukula kwenikweni.
Zotsatira zomaliza zitha kutumizidwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana (OBJ, FBX, LAS/PLY, GeoTIFF orthomosaic) kuti ziwunikidwenso.
4. Zogulitsa Zolembedwa: Orthophotos, 3D Models, ndi Mamapu
Photogrammetry imapanga zinthu zofunika kwambiri, kuphatikizapo:
– Orthophoto/orthomosaic: chithunzi chapamwamba chomwe chakonzedwa kuti chisasokoneze mawonekedwe ndipo chingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati mapu.
- Mitundu ya 3D yokhala ndi mawonekedwe: yoyenera kuwonetsa ndi kusanthula mawonekedwe.
– Digital Elevation Model (DEM): chitsanzo cha elevation chomwe chimathandiza pa maphunziro a micro-topographic pamalo.
Chogulitsachi chingaphatikizidwe ndi GIS kuti chiwonetse malo, mwachitsanzo kujambula kufalikira kwa zomwe zapezeka kapena kumvetsetsa ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa zinthu.
Photogrammetry ya Zinthu Zakale ndi Zopezedwa Zing'onozing'ono
Kupatula malo ena, kujambula zithunzi kumathandiza kwambiri pazinthu zazing'ono monga miphika, zida zamwala, ziboliboli, kapena zolemba. Zithunzi nthawi zambiri zimajambulidwa pamalo olamulidwa okhala ndi maziko osalowerera ndale, kuwala kofalikira, ndi tebulo lozungulira kuti zitsimikizire kuti ngodya zake ndi zofanana.
Ubwino wake waukulu ndi luso lojambula zinthu zazing'ono, monga zizindikiro zosweka, zokongoletsera, kapena ming'alu. Zitsanzo za 3D za zinthu zakale zingagwiritsidwenso ntchito:
- Kukonzanso kwa digito kwa zidutswa,
- Kupanga makope pogwiritsa ntchito kusindikiza kwa 3D,
- Ziwonetsero zamakono ku nyumba zosungiramo zinthu zakale.
Ubwino wa Photogrammetry Poyerekeza ndi Njira Zina
Photogrammetry nthawi zambiri imayerekezeredwa ndi laser scanning (LiDAR/terrestrial laser scanning). Zonsezi zimatha kupanga mitundu ya 3D, koma photogrammetry ili ndi zabwino zingapo:
- Mtengo wotsika kwambiri, chifukwa zimangofunika kamera ndi mapulogalamu.
- Kapangidwe ka mawonekedwe ndi kowona, chifukwa kamagwiritsa ntchito zithunzi.
- Yosinthika pamitundu yosiyanasiyana, kuyambira zinthu zakale mpaka malo okhala ndi ma drones.
Komabe, kusanthula pogwiritsa ntchito laser kumapambana kwambiri m'malo opanda kuwala kwambiri ndipo kungakhale kokhazikika kwambiri pamalo opanda mawonekedwe ambiri. M'malo mwake, mapulojekiti ambiri ofukula zinthu zakale amaphatikiza ziwirizi.
Mavuto ndi Zolepheretsa
Ngakhale kuti ndi yothandiza kwambiri, photogrammetry ili ndi zovuta zomwe ziyenera kuyembekezeredwa:
1. Malo ofanana kapena owala bwino (monga miyala yopukutidwa, chitsulo chowala) ndi ovuta kuwamanganso chifukwa chosowa malo owoneka bwino.
2. Zomera ndi zinthu zoyenda (anthu odutsa, akupukusa masamba) zimatha kuyambitsa phokoso mu chitsanzocho.
3. Kutha kugwiritsa ntchito makompyuta: kukonza zithunzi zapamwamba kumafuna kompyuta yokhala ndi RAM ndi GPU yokwanira.
4. Kusamalira deta: mafayilo azithunzi ndi zotsatira zake zitha kukhala zazikulu kwambiri, zomwe zimafuna njira yosungiramo zinthu ndi metadata yabwino.
5. Kulondola kumadalira pa kuwongolera sikelo: popanda GCPs kapena muyeso wa sikelo, chitsanzo cha 3D chingakhale "chabwino" koma chosagwira ntchito pa muyeso wasayansi.
Chifukwa chake, miyezo yogwirira ntchito m'munda, kujambula magawo a kamera, ndi njira zoyezera zowongolera ndizolimbikitsidwa kwambiri.
Zotsatira zake pa Kusunga ndi Kufalitsa Anthu
Photogrammetry si yothandiza ofufuza okha komanso osunga zinthu zakale ndi anthu onse. Ma model a 3D amalola kuyang'anira kuwonongeka pakapita nthawi, mwachitsanzo, pa ziboliboli za pakachisi zomwe zawonongeka. Kuphatikiza apo, zotsatira za photogrammetry zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pazifukwa zophunzitsira, maulendo apaintaneti, ndi zida zowonetsera. Chifukwa chake, photogrammetry imathandiza kugwirizanitsa kafukufuku wamaphunziro ndi zosowa zosungira ndi kulumikizana ndi anthu.
Mapeto
Njira zojambulira zithunzi zakhala chida chofunikira kwambiri m'zolemba zamakono zakale. Pokhala ndi luso lopanga zitsanzo zolondola za 3D zokhala ndi tsatanetsatane wowoneka bwino, kujambula zithunzi kumathandizira kulemba, kusanthula, ndi kusunga deta yakale. Ngakhale kuli ndi zolepheretsa—monga kufunika kophatikizana kwakukulu, kuwongolera kukula, ndi kukonza deta yovuta—mavutowa amatha kuthetsedwa mwa kukonzekera mosamala ndi njira zokhazikika. Pakati pa kufunikira kosungira ndi kupeza chidziwitso chochulukirapo, kujambula zithunzi kumapatsa akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale njira yatsopano yolembera zakale molondola kwambiri, poyera, komanso cholowa cha zosungira zakale za digito za nthawi yayitali.
Ngati mukufuna, nditha kusintha nkhaniyi kuti ikhale yokhudza maphunziro (ndi mawu ndi mndandanda wa mabuku), kapena kusintha cholinga chake kukhala kujambula zithunzi za drone, zolemba zakufukula za stratigraphic, kapena kujambula zithunzi za zinthu zakale.
