Kuyerekeza Njira Zakale za Kumadzulo ndi Kum'mawa
Kafukufuku wa zinthu zakale ndi kuphunzira za anthu akale ndi zitukuko kudzera mu kufukula ndi kusanthula zinthu zakale, zomangamanga, ndi zotsalira za zamoyo. Ngakhale njira zoyambira za kafukufuku wa zinthu zakale zimagwiritsidwa ntchito padziko lonse lapansi, pali kusiyana kwakukulu pa njira ndi njira zomwe akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale amagwiritsa ntchito kumadzulo ndi kum'mawa. Nkhaniyi ifufuza kusiyana kumeneku potengera mbiri, njira, ndi nzeru za njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi magawo awiriwa.
Mbiri ndi Chiyambi cha Kukula kwa Zakale za Kumadzulo ndi Kum'mawa
Kufukula zinthu zakale kwamakono kumadzulo kunayamba kukula kwambiri m'zaka za m'ma 19 pamene malo akuluakulu monga Pompeii ndi Troy anapezeka. Kumvetsetsa kwa sayansi imeneyi kumadzulo kunakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi chitukuko cha sayansi yamakono ndi njira zasayansi zokhazikika. Kugogomezera kwambiri njira zofukula zinthu zakale , zolemba mwatsatanetsatane, ndi kusanthula kozama kunakhala zizindikiro za kufukula zinthu zakale kumadzulo.
Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, zinthu zakale za Kum'mawa, makamaka ku Asia, zili ndi mbiri yosiyana. M'mayiko monga China ndi Japan, njira yofukula ndi kusunga malo akale yakhalapo kwa zaka mazana ambiri, koma njira zamakono zinangoyamba kumene ndikukula mofulumira m'zaka za m'ma 20. Njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri zimachokera ku miyambo ndi zikhulupiriro zachikhalidwe zakomweko, makamaka pankhani ya chikhalidwe ndi mbiri yakale ya zinthu zakale zomwe zapezeka.
Njira Yofukula ndi Zolemba
Kumadzulo, njira yofukula zinthu zakale imayang'aniridwa mwadongosolo komanso mwasayansi. Akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale akumadzulo amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito njira yokhala ndi zigawo, pomwe nthaka imakumbidwa pang'onopang'ono ndipo gawo lililonse limalembedwa mosamala. Kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wamakono monga LIDAR, Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), ndi photogrammetry kwakhala kofala, zomwe zimathandiza kuti malo ofukula zinthu zakale azikonzedwa bwino komanso kusanthula bwino.
Kum'mawa, kufukula nthawi zambiri kumakhala kogwirizana ndi nkhani, ndipo kumayang'ana kwambiri kutanthauzira kwachikhalidwe kwa zomwe zapezeka. Zolemba zikadali zofunika, koma pali chizolowezi chosunga chikhalidwe cha malowo. Mwachitsanzo, ku China, njira nthawi zambiri zimaphatikiza kuphunzira zolemba zakale ndi kufukula zenizeni kuti zitsimikizire kapena kutsutsa nkhani zakale. Ku Japan, njira zofukula nthawi zambiri zimayesa kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa malo omwe amaonedwa kuti ndi opatulika kapena akale.
Njira Yanzeru ndi Chikhalidwe
Njira ya kumadzulo yopezera zinthu zakale nthawi zambiri imakhudzidwa ndi filosofi ya positivism, yomwe imagogomezera kuti chidziwitso chiyenera kukhazikitsidwa pa umboni wovomerezeka ndikutsimikiziridwa kudzera mu njira yasayansi. Cholinga chachikulu ndikumanganso mbiri yakale moyenera komanso mwadongosolo. Akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale akumadzulo nthawi zambiri amagogomezera kufunika kwa kusalowerera ndale ndipo sakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu omwe malowa amapezeka.
Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, zinthu zakale za Kum'mawa zimakhudzidwa ndi mfundo za filosofi ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu am'deralo. Akatswiri ambiri ofukula zinthu zakale akum'mawa amaona zinthu zakale ndi malo akale osati ngati zinthu zofufuzira zasayansi zokha komanso ngati mbali yofunika kwambiri ya chikhalidwe ndi uzimu wa anthu. M'mayiko ambiri aku Asia, pali chikhulupiriro chozama chakuti zinthu zakale ndi malo akale ali ndi "mzimu" kapena "mzimu" womwe uyenera kulemekezedwa. Chifukwa chake, njira yofukula zinthu zakale kum'mawa nthawi zambiri imakhala yokwanira komanso yolondola pakusunga umphumphu wa malo ndi zinthu zakale zomwe zapezeka.
Maphunziro ndi Maphunziro
Maphunziro ndi maphunziro a akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale kumadzulo nthawi zambiri amakhala okonzedwa bwino komanso okonzedwa bwino. Mapulogalamu ofukula zinthu zakale ku mayunivesite akumadzulo amakhala ndi maphunziro ambiri, kuyambira njira zofukula mpaka kusanthula kwa labotale ndi chiphunzitso cha zinthu zakale. Kuphatikiza apo, maphunziro ophunzirira ntchito ndi ntchito za m'munda ndizofunikira kwambiri pa maphunziro a akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale akumadzulo, kuonetsetsa kuti akupeza chidziwitso chothandiza kuwonjezera pa chidziwitso cha mfundo.
Kum'mawa, maphunziro ofukula zinthu zakale akukhalanso okhazikika komanso okonzedwa bwino, ngakhale kuti pali kusiyana kwa mfundo. Mapulogalamu ambiri ofukula zinthu zakale Kum'mawa samangogogomezera njira zofukula ndi kusanthula zokha komanso kuphunzira zolemba zakale, mbiri ya zaluso, ndi chikhalidwe cha m'deralo. Njira imeneyi imatsimikizira kuti akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale Kum'mawa amamvetsetsa bwino chikhalidwe ndi mbiri ya zomwe apeza.
Mgwirizano Wapadziko Lonse ndi Kusinthana kwa Njira
Ngakhale kuti pali kusiyana kwakukulu pa njira ndi njira, mgwirizano wapadziko lonse pakati pa akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale akumadzulo ndi akum'mawa ukukulirakulira. Mapulojekiti ambiri ofukula zinthu zakale masiku ano amaphatikizapo magulu apadziko lonse omwe amaphatikiza ukatswiri ndi njira zochokera kumadera onse awiri. Mwachitsanzo, mapulojekiti akuluakulu ku Middle East nthawi zambiri amaphatikizapo akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale ochokera kumadzulo ndi kum'mawa, kugwirira ntchito limodzi kuphatikiza njira zamakono zofukula zinthu zakale ndi kumvetsetsa kwakukulu kwa mbiri ndi chikhalidwe cha m'deralo.
Mgwirizanowu sumangowonjezera ubwino wa kafukufuku wa zinthu zakale komanso umalimbikitsa kusinthana kwa chidziwitso ndi njira zomwe zingapindulitse mbali zonse ziwiri. Kudzera mu mgwirizano wapadziko lonsewu, akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale kumadzulo ndi kum'mawa amatha kuphunzirana wina ndi mnzake ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira zabwino kwambiri kuchokera ku mwambo uliwonse.
Mavuto ndi Tsogolo la Zakale Zakale
Ngakhale njira ndi njira zofukulidwa m'mabwinja kumadzulo ndi kum'mawa zili ndi mphamvu zake, zonse ziwiri zimakumana ndi mavuto ofanana. Kuwonongeka kwa malo chifukwa cha chitukuko, kuba ndi kugulitsa zinthu zosaloledwa, komanso kusintha kwa nyengo ndi zina mwa mavuto apadziko lonse lapansi omwe akuopseza kusunga cholowa chathu chachikhalidwe. Mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wapamwamba ndizofunikira kwambiri pothana ndi mavutowa.
Kuphatikiza apo, pakufunika kudziwitsa anthu za kufunika kosunga malo ofukula zakale ndi zinthu zakale. Maphunziro ndi kutenga nawo mbali kwa anthu ammudzi m'mapulojekiti ofukula zakale kungathandize kupewa kuba ndi kuwonongeka kwa malo, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti cholowa cha chikhalidwe ichi chikhoza kusangalalidwa ndi mibadwo yamtsogolo.
Mapeto
Kafukufuku wa zinthu zakale ku Kumadzulo ndi Kum'mawa amasiyana kwambiri m'mbiri, njira, ndi njira zafilosofi. Ngakhale kuti kafukufuku wa zinthu zakale ku Kumadzulo amakhala wolongosoka komanso wasayansi, kafukufuku wa zinthu zakale ku Kum'mawa amayang'ana kwambiri chikhalidwe ndi mbiri yakale. Komabe, mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi ndi kusinthana njira zathandiza akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale ochokera m'madera onse awiri kuphunzirana ndikuwongolera ubwino wa kafukufuku wawo.
Popeza mavuto apadziko lonse ali pafupi, tsogolo la zinthu zakale lidzadalira kwambiri luso logwirizana, kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wapamwamba, ndikudziwitsa anthu za kufunika kosunga cholowa cha chikhalidwe. Kudzera mu zoyesayesa zonsezi, titha kuonetsetsa kuti cholowa chathu cha chikhalidwe chikhalabe chotetezeka kuti mibadwo yamtsogolo iphunzire ndikuyamikira.
