Njira Zofukula Zinthu Zakale
Kufukula ndi chimodzi mwa ntchito zazikulu za zinthu zakale. Kudzera m'kufukula mwadongosolo, akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale amafuna kupeza, kulemba, ndi kutanthauzira zotsalira zakale—kuyambira zinthu zazing'ono monga zidebe za miphika mpaka nyumba zazikulu monga maziko omangira, manda, kapena njira zakale zothirira. Komabe, kufukula sikungofuna “kukumba dothi.” Ndi njira yasayansi yomwe imafuna kulondola, kukonzekera mosamala, ndi miyezo yokhwima yolemba, chifukwa dothi lililonse lovundukulidwa kwenikweni ndi “tsamba” la mbiri lomwe silingabwezeretsedwe. Ndicho chifukwa chake kufukula nthawi zambiri kumafotokozedwa ngati njira yowononga: akafukula, nkhani yoyambirira imatayika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zolembazo zikhale zofunika monga zomwe zapezekazo.
Zolinga ndi Mfundo Zoyambira za Kufukula
Cholinga cha kufukula chingasiyane, kutengera zosowa za kafukufuku. Kufukula kwina kumachitika kuti ayankhe mafunso ena asayansi, monga okhudza nthawi ya malo okhala, njira zopezera zofunika pa moyo, kapena kusintha kwa chikhalidwe. Mitundu ina ya kufukula kupulumutsidwa imachitika pamene malo ali pangozi chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa misewu, migodi, kapena mapulojekiti a zomangamanga. M'zochitika zonsezi, mfundo zazikulu ndi zofanana: kusunga zomwe zapezeka ndikuwulula stratigraphy (nthaka) m'njira yowongoka.
Mfundo yofunika kwambiri yomwe nthawi zonse imatsatiridwa ndi lamulo la stratigraphy: kawirikawiri, zigawo zapansi zimakhala zakale kuposa zomwe zili pamwamba pake, pokhapokha ngati zasokonezedwa ndi kufukulanso, zochita za nyama, mizu ya mitengo, kapena kukokoloka kwa nthaka. Akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale ayenera kuzindikira kusiyana kwa zigawo—kutengera mtundu, kapangidwe, kapangidwe, kapena zomwe zili mkati—ndipo ayenera kuzindikira ubale pakati pawo kuti akhazikitse mndandanda wa zochitika pamalopo.
Gawo Loyamba la Kukonzekera ndi Kafukufuku
Asanayambe kufukula, gululi nthawi zambiri limachita kafukufuku woyambirira. Gawoli limaphatikizapo kuwunikanso mabuku, kupanga mapu a malo, kuyankhulana ndi anthu okhala m'deralo, ndi kufufuza pamwamba kuti adziwe kufalikira kwa zinthu zakale. Kafukufuku wamakono angagwiritsenso ntchito ukadaulo wa geophysical monga radar yolowera pansi (GPR), maginitometer, kapena kukana kwamagetsi kuti "ayang'ane" zinthu zapansi panthaka popanda kukumba. Kujambula zithunzi zamlengalenga ndi zithunzi za satelayiti , kuphatikizapo ma scan a LiDAR a madera okhala ndi nkhalango, nthawi zambiri zimathandiza kuzindikira zizindikiro za nyumba zakale kapena mawonekedwe a malo.
Zotsatira za kafukufukuyu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kudziwa malo oti akumbedwe, kukhazikitsa zolinga zenizeni, kuwerengera kayendetsedwe ka zinthu, ndi kuyembekezera zoopsa. Zinthu monga zilolezo (zovomerezeka), chitetezo, kusunga zomwe zapezeka, ndi kutenga nawo mbali kwa omwe akukhudzidwa ndi ntchitoyi ndi zinthu zofunika kuziganizira.
Kutsimikiza kwa Grid System ndi Control Point
Pamene malo ofukula akuyamba, nthawi zambiri amagawidwa m'mabwalo a gridi pogwiritsa ntchito zikhomo ndi chingwe. Dongosolo la gridi limathandiza kuonetsetsa kuti kufukula ndi kulemba zinthu mwadongosolo ndipo limalola kuti zinthu zomwe zapezeka zilembedwe bwino. Malo osungiramo zinthu zakale amakhazikitsidwa kuti apereke kukwera ndi kugwirizanitsa maumboni. Pogwiritsa ntchito zida zoyezera monga theodolite, malo onse, kapena GPS yosiyana, akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale amalemba molondola malo omwe zinthuzo zapezeka, malire a zinthu, ndi kusintha kwa kukwera. Deta iyi ndi yofunika kwambiri, chifukwa kutanthauzira kwa zinthu zakale kumadalira ubale wa malo: komwe chinthu chapezeka n'kofunika mofanana ndi chinthucho.
Njira Zofukula : Malovu ndi Nkhani
Kawirikawiri, pali njira ziwiri zazikulu zofukula, zomwe ndi kufukula pogwiritsa ntchito "malovu" (zigawo zopangidwira) ndi kufukula pogwiritsa ntchito "nkhani" kapena stratigraphy yachilengedwe.
Kufukula malovu kumaphatikizapo kuchotsa dothi nthawi ndi nthawi makulidwe ake, monga masentimita 5 kapena 10 aliwonse, makamaka pamene malire achilengedwe a malovu ndi ovuta kuwazindikira. Njirayi ndi yothandiza posunga kuwongolera koyima ndikuthandizira kusanthula kufalikira kwa zinthu zakale pansi pa kuya kwake. Komabe, njira yofukula malovu imakhala ndi chiopsezo "chodula" malovu achilengedwe ngati sichinachitike mosamala.
Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kufukula zinthu zakale kumayesa kutsatira malire achilengedwe ndi zinthu zooneka, monga phulusa, madzi osefukira, pansi pa nyumba, kapena mabowo a m'mipata. Njira imeneyi imaonedwa kuti ndi yabwino kwambiri chifukwa imasunga bwino malo osungiramo zinthu zakale. Mapulojekiti ambiri amakono ofukula zinthu zakale amaphatikiza zonsezi, kusintha malinga ndi makhalidwe a nthaka ndi zolinga zofufuzira.
Zida ndi Momwe Mungagwirire Ntchito M'munda
Kufukula zinthu zakale kumagwiritsa ntchito zida zosiyanasiyana, kuyambira zosavuta mpaka zamakono. Mafosholo ndi ma pick amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchotsa dothi lalikulu poyamba, koma akamayandikira zigawo zofunika kapena zopezeka zofooka, akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale amagwiritsa ntchito zida zofewa monga ma trowel, maburashi, ma spatula, komanso zida zamano. Ma sieves amagwiritsidwa ntchito kusefa nthaka kuti atsimikizire kuti zidutswa zazing'ono—monga mafupa a nsomba, mikanda, tirigu wopsereza, kapena zidutswa za miyala—sizikusowa. M'malo ena, kuyandama kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kulekanitsa zotsalira za zomera zazing'ono kuchokera ku dothi, kuthandiza kukonzanso zakudya zakale ndi malo ozungulira.
Ntchito yofufuza m'munda imalimbikitsa ukhondo ndi kulondola kwa nthaka. Kusintha kulikonse kwa nthaka kumalembedwa, chinthu chilichonse chimajambulidwa, ndipo chilichonse chomwe chapezeka chimalembedwa. Pochita izi, gulu limagwira ntchito pang'onopang'ono kuti lisawononge zomwe zili mkati mwake. Kufukula mwachangu kwambiri kumatha kutaya chidziwitso chomwe chili chamtengo wapatali kuposa zinthu zakale zokha.
Zolemba: Zolemba, Zithunzi, Zojambula, ndi 3D
Zolemba ndiye moyo wa kufukula. Akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale amasunga zolemba zakumunda zomwe zili ndi mafotokozedwe a zigawo, kutanthauzira koyambirira, nyengo, ndi zisankho za njira. Nkhani iliyonse imapatsidwa nambala yapadera, ndipo zinthu zakale zimapatsidwa ma code omwe amawagwirizanitsa ndi nkhaniyo.
Kuwonjezera pa zolemba zolembedwa, zolemba zooneka ndizofunikanso. Zithunzi zimatengedwa musanayambe, panthawi, komanso mutamaliza kufukula—ndi kukula komveka bwino komanso kumpoto. Zojambula zaukadaulo zimapangidwanso kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito popanga mapulani ndi magawo kuti ziwonetse stratigraphy. Masiku ano, kusanthula kwa 3D ndi photogrammetry zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kulemba molondola mawonekedwe a zinthu kapena kapangidwe kake, kupanga mitundu ya digito yomwe ingasankhidwenso ngakhale malowo atatsekedwa.
Kuyang'anira ndi Kusunga Zinthu Zobisika
Chinthu chopangidwa ndi zinthu zakale chikapezeka, gawo lotsatira ndi kusamalira bwino. Zinthu zakale nthawi zambiri zimatsukidwa pang'ono, kuumitsidwa, ndikusungidwa m'matumba kapena mabokosi olembedwa. Pazinthu zosalimba monga chitsulo chozizira, matabwa onyowa, kapena nsalu, kusamalira kumafuna kusamala kwambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri kumafuna thandizo la wosamalira. Ngakhale cholakwika chaching'ono, monga kuumitsa mwachangu kwambiri, chingayambitse ming'alu kapena kuwonongeka kosatha.
Zitsanzo zimasonkhanitsidwanso kuti ziwunikidwe mwasayansi, monga makala kuti apeze nthawi yowerengera nthawi ya radiocarbon, dothi kuti liwunikidwe mungu, kapena mafupa kuti aphunzire za isotope. Zitsanzo ziyenera kulembedwa bwino kuti zotsatira za labotale zigwirizane ndi zomwe zidachitika m'mabwinja.
Kufukula Manda ndi Kukumba Manda
Njira zofukula zimasiyananso kutengera mtundu wa zinthu zomwe zapezeka. Pofukula nyumba (monga makoma, pansi, kapena ngalande), akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale ayenera kupeza pang'onopang'ono malire a zinthuzo, kuzindikira magawo omangira, ndikusiyanitsa pakati pa kukonza, kukonzanso, ndi kugwa. Pamalo okhala anthu, mabowo kapena zizindikiro za moto zimatha kuwoneka ngati kusintha kochepa kwa mtundu wa nthaka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti diso lofuna kuwerenga "zizindikiro" za nthaka likhale luso lofunika kwambiri.
Kufukula manda kumabweretsa mavuto apadera, mwaukadaulo komanso mwamakhalidwe abwino. Malo a mafupa, momwe thupi limayendera, katundu wa manda, ndi momwe nthaka ilili ziyenera kulembedwa mwatsatanetsatane chifukwa cha kufunika kwake pa miyambo ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu. Kuphatikiza apo, kufukula mitembo ya anthu kumafuna zilolezo, njira zamakhalidwe abwino, komanso kusamala chikhalidwe, makamaka pokhudzana ndi madera okhala ndi ubale wakale ndi malowo.
Kutseka ndi Kupereka Malipoti pa Malo
Kufukula kukatha, malo okumbidwa nthawi zambiri amatsekedwanso kuti ateteze nyumba zotsala kapena zigawo zomwe sizinaphunzirebe, pokhapokha ngati malowo asungidwa ngati malo otseguka. Gawo lofukula pambuyo pake limaphatikizapo kusanthula zinthu zakale , kukonza deta ya malo, kutanthauzira kwa stratigraphic, ndi kulemba malipoti asayansi. Kupereka malipoti ndi udindo waukulu chifukwa kumapereka njira kwa anthu ndi ophunzira kuti apeze zotsatira za kafukufuku. Popanda kupereka malipoti oyenera, kufukula kumataya phindu lawo lasayansi.
Kutseka
Njira zofukula zinthu zakale zimaphatikiza luso lothandiza komanso njira zasayansi. Zimafuna kuyang'anitsitsa, kulemba mosamala, kudziwa bwino mfundo za stratigraphic, komanso luso logwira ntchito limodzi. Kupatula kungofufuza zinthu zakale, kufukula zinthu zakale kumafuna kukonzanso zochitika zakale za anthu kudzera muzochitika, zigawo, ndi ubale wa malo womwe wasungidwa m'nthaka. Chifukwa chakuti njirayi singathe kubwerezedwanso pansi pa mikhalidwe yofanana, akatswiri amakono ofukula zinthu zakale amayesetsa kufukula mosamala, kulemba bwino, ndikutanthauzira moyenera. Motero, malo aliwonse omwe apezeka angathandize kwambiri kumvetsetsa mbiri ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu.
