Zakale Zakale Zamakampani ndi Cholowa Chaukadaulo
Kafukufuku wa zinthu zakale nthawi zambiri amaganiziridwa ngati kufukula malo akale: akachisi, malo okhala anthu akale, kapena manda achifumu. Komabe, zizindikiro zakale zimapitirira miyala yakale. Mafakitale akale, njanji za sitima zomwe zikuzizira, malo osungiramo zinthu zakale, malo opangira magetsi, komanso makina otsala m'maholo opangira zinthu ndi zinthu zakale zomwe zili ndi nkhani zofunika. Apa ndi pomwe kafukufuku wa zinthu zakale wa mafakitale amabwera—gawo la kafukufuku lomwe limafufuza zotsalira za ntchito zamafakitale ndi ukadaulo, makamaka kuyambira pa Kusintha kwa Zamalonda mpaka nthawi yamakono, kuti timvetse momwe anthu amagwirira ntchito, kupanga, ndi kupanga moyo watsiku ndi tsiku.
Kodi zinthu zakale za mafakitale n'chiyani?
Kawirikawiri, kafukufuku wa zinthu zakale m'mafakitale ndi kuphunzira za zotsalira za mafakitale: nyumba, zomangamanga, zida, malo ogwirira ntchito, komanso malo omwe asinthidwa ndi ntchito zopangira. Cholinga chake chimapitirira "zinthu" mpaka ubale pakati pa ukadaulo, zachuma, ntchito, ndi chikhalidwe. Mafakitale a shuga, migodi ya malasha, madamu, maukonde othirira mafakitale, kapena malo ogwirira sitima amatha kumvedwa ngati machitidwe olumikizana—osati nyumba zodziyimira pawokha.
Mosiyana ndi zakale zakale , zomwe nthawi zambiri zimafufuza nthawi zomwe zimakhala zaka masauzande ambiri, zakale zamafakitale zimagwira ntchito ndi magwero "achichepere": zaka za m'ma 18 mpaka 20, ngakhale zotsalira za ukadaulo woyambirira wa nthawi ya digito. Komabe, kufunika kwake kwasayansi kumakhalabe kofunika chifukwa zambiri kuchokera kumakampani nthawi zambiri zimapereka tsatanetsatane wosawoneka bwino m'mafayilo olembedwa: mawonekedwe a malo ogwirira ntchito, miyezo yachitetezo, kusintha kwa ogwira ntchito, komanso umboni wa kusintha kwaukadaulo pakapita nthawi.
Cholowa chaukadaulo monga gwero la mbiri yakale
Mawu akuti cholowa chaukadaulo akuphatikizapo zambiri osati makina akale okha. Angaphatikizepo:
1. Nyumba ndi zomangamanga zamafakitale: mafakitale, ma chimney, nyumba zosungiramo katundu, ma laboratories, maofesi oyang'anira, nyumba zogona antchito.
2. Zomangamanga: njanji ndi masiteshoni, madoko, ngalande, maukonde amagetsi, milatho, nsanja zamadzi, misewu yolima minda.
3. Makina ndi zida zopangira: ma turbine, ma boiler, ma locomotive, ma looms, makina opera, mapampu a migodi.
4. Zolemba zaukadaulo: mamapu, mabuku ophunzitsira makina, zolemba zosamalira, zithunzi za ntchito, mabolodi ophunzitsira zachitetezo.
5. Malo a mafakitale: maenje a migodi, milu ya zinyalala, malo otayira zinyalala, maiwe okhazikika, minda yakale ya ulimi umodzi.
Zonsezi zitha kuwerengedwa ngati "cholembedwa" chomwe chimafotokoza nthawi yaukadaulo. Momwe makina amaikidwira, mtunda pakati pa zipinda, makina opumira mpweya, kapena njira yogawa zinthu zitha kuwulula mfundo zopangira ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa kasamalidwe: magwiridwe antchito, kuwongolera, chitetezo, kapena kusunga ndalama.
Nchifukwa chiyani zinthu zakale za mafakitale ndizofunikira?
Pali zifukwa zingapo zomwe kafukufuku wa zinthu zakale zamafakitale ali ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pakumvetsetsa mbiri yamakono:
Choyamba, imalemba za kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu. Makampani samangopanga zinthu zokha komanso amaumba gulu la ogwira ntchito, kusamuka kwa anthu, kusamukira kumizinda, komanso kusintha kwa moyo wawo. Mwachitsanzo, nyumba za ogwira ntchito pafupi ndi mafakitale zimatha kuwonetsa kusiyana kwa anthu: kukula kwa nyumba, malo oyeretsera, mwayi wopeza madzi oyera, komanso kuyandikira kwa malo opangira zinthu.
Chachiwiri, zimatithandiza kuwerenga mbiri yaukadaulo molondola. Zolemba zakale zinganene kuti, "Makina A adalowedwa m'malo ndi Makina B," koma zotsalira zenizeni zimasonyeza momwe kusinthako kudachitikira: kaya panali kusintha kwa m'deralo, kaya zigawo zina zinasonkhanitsidwanso, kapena ngati ukadaulo wochokera kunja unaphatikizidwa ndi chidziwitso cha m'deralo.
Chachitatu, kumawonjezera kumvetsetsa kwa chuma cha ndale. Mafakitale ambiri amalumikizidwa mwachindunji ndi mfundo za atsamunda, ndalama zamakampani, ndi malamulo aboma. Mafakitale a shuga, migodi, kapena njanji m'madera ambiri kale zinali maziko a chuma - nthawi zambiri zomwe zimakhala ndi zotsatirapo zazikulu pa chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso zachilengedwe.
Chachinayi, ndikofunikira pa kudziwika kwa anthu onse komanso kukumbukira kwawo. Kwa ena, mafakitale akale si nyumba zopanda anthu zokha, komanso malo omwe ali ndi zochitika za m'banja: mibadwo yomwe inkagwira ntchito ngati akapitawo, akatswiri a zomangamanga, akatswiri a makina, kapena ogwira ntchito ya tsiku limodzi.
Njira zofukula zakale za mafakitale
Kufukula zinthu zakale m'mafakitale kumaphatikiza njira zofukula zinthu zakale ndi maphunziro akale, uinjiniya, ndi zachilengedwe. Njira zina zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi izi:
- Kufufuza ndi kupanga mapu: kulemba mapangidwe a malo, mizere yopangira, ndi kulumikizana kwa zomangamanga. Izi nthawi zambiri zimathandizidwa ndi ma drones, photogrammetry, ndi laser scanning (LiDAR) kuti apange mitundu ya 3D.
- Kusanthula zinthu: kuwunika zipangizo zomangira (njerwa, chitsulo, chitsulo), njira zomangira, ndi kusintha kwa kapangidwe ka nyumba chifukwa cha kukonzanso kapena kuwonongeka.
– Kuphunzira injini ndi ukadaulo: kuzindikira mtundu wa injini, mfundo zake zogwirira ntchito, ndi kusintha kulikonse. Manambala a seri kapena mbale za fakitale zimatha kutsatira chiyambi ndi chaka chomwe chinapangidwa.
– Zakale ndi mbiri yakale yolankhulidwa: kuphatikiza zikalata za kampani, malipoti a boma, ndi kuyankhulana ndi ogwira ntchito akale kuti amvetsetse machitidwe antchito omwe sanalembedwe ndi deta yeniyeni.
- Kufufuza malo ndi zinthu zakale zokhudza chilengedwe: kuwunika momwe mafakitale amakhudzira zachilengedwe, monga kuipitsidwa kwa nthaka, kusintha kwa kayendedwe ka madzi, kapena zotsatira za kudula mitengo ndi migodi.
Ndi njira iyi, fakitale yakale ikhoza "kuwerengedwa" ngati mndandanda wa zisankho: kuyambira kuyika makina, njira zopangira zinthu, njira zokonzera, mpaka njira zogawa.
Zitsanzo za zinthu zakale za mafakitale zomwe nthawi zambiri zimapezeka
M'madera ambiri, cholowa cha mafakitale chilipo m'njira zomwe nthawi zina sizimaonedwa ngati zofunika: njira zamagalimoto m'minda, nyumba zoyezera miyeso yaulimi, kapena ma chimney aatali a njerwa pakati pa malo okhala anthu. Palinso malo akuluakulu monga:
- Malo opangira zinthu m'fakitale (shuga, tiyi, rabala, simenti) omwe ali ndi netiweki ya nthunzi, nyumba yosungiramo katundu ndi labotale.
- Malo opangira migodi okhala ndi ngalande, nyumba yosungira injini, kuyika pampu ndi chingwe chonyamulira.
- Zomangamanga zoyendera monga masiteshoni, malo oimika magalimoto, misewu ya positi, milatho yachitsulo, ndi madoko.
- Zotsalira za mphamvu monga magetsi akale opangidwa ndi madzi/malasha, malo osungira magetsi, kapena nsanja zotumizira magetsi zoyambirira.
Mabwinja amenewa nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'malo ofunika kwambiri pafupi ndi mitsinje, njanji, kapena madoko—kusonyeza kuti makampaniwa ankadalira kwambiri zinthu zoyendera ndi mphamvu.
Vuto losunga: pakati pa kufunika kwa mbiri yakale ndi mavuto a chitukuko
Cholowa cha mafakitale nthawi zambiri chimakhala ndi zoopsa zambiri. Nyumba zambiri zimaonedwa kuti ndi “zosakongola,” “zatsopano kwambiri,” kapena “zosokoneza malo a m’mizinda,” zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kuzigwetsa. Kuphatikiza apo, pali zovuta zinazake:
– Kuipitsidwa ndi chitetezo: Malo ena omwe kale anali mafakitale ali ndi zinthu zoopsa (zitsulo zolemera, asbestos, zotsalira za mankhwala). Izi zimapangitsa kuti kusunga zinthu kukhale kokwera mtengo komanso kovuta.
– Kusintha kwa kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka malo: madera akale a mafakitale nthawi zambiri amakhala m'mizinda kapena pafupi ndi mayendedwe, kotero amakhala ndi mitengo yapamwamba ya malo.
– Kusowa kwa zikalata: makina anasweka, zitsulo zinagulitsidwa ngati zinyalala, zolemba zakale zinatayika, kotero kuti nkhani ya malowo inatayika mwachangu.
– Kuwononga zinthu ndi kuba: zida zamtengo wapatali zachitsulo ndi zigawo zake zimabedwa nthawi zambiri, zomwe zimawononga umphumphu wa malowo.
Ndipotu, fakitale ikasweka popanda zikalata, chomwe chimatayika si nyumba yokha, komanso "chidziwitso" chokhudza moyo ndi ntchito panthawiyo.
Kugwiritsanso ntchito mosinthika: kubwezeretsa cholowa cha mafakitale
Njira imodzi yomwe ikuchulukirachulukira ndiyo kugwiritsanso ntchito zinthu mosinthasintha—kusintha nyumba zakale zamafakitale kukhala zinthu zatsopano popanda kutaya khalidwe lawo lofunika. Zitsanzo zikuphatikizapo mafakitale omwe asinthidwa kukhala nyumba zosungiramo zinthu zakale, malo opanga zinthu zatsopano, malaibulale, misika, kapena malo ochitira misonkhano ya anthu. Ubwino wa njira imeneyi ndi iwiri: kusungidwa kwa mbiri yakale kumachitika, pomwe nyumbayo imapeza phindu latsopano pazachuma.
Komabe, kugwiritsanso ntchito zinthu mosinthasintha kumafunika kuganiziridwa mosamala. Mwachiyembekezo, kusinthaku kumasunga zinthu zofunika kwambiri: kapangidwe kake, njira zoyendera, makina ena kapena mapanelo owongolera, ndi nkhani zofotokozera monga ma board azidziwitso kapena maulendo ophunzitsira. Mwanjira imeneyi, alendo samangosangalala ndi malowo komanso amamvetsetsa nkhani yomwe ili kumbuyo kwake.
Zakale zakale za mafakitale ndi tsogolo
Mu nthawi ya ukadaulo wofulumira, "zotsalira" zitha kuonekera mwachangu kuposa momwe timayembekezera. Makompyuta akale, zida zolumikizirana ndi ma analog, mafakitale amagetsi, ngakhale zomangamanga za intaneti ndi malo osungira deta tsiku lina zitha kukhala zinthu zophunziridwa. Zakale zakale za mafakitale zimatikumbutsa kuti ukadaulo ndi woposa kungopanga zatsopano - umasiya zinthu zomwe zimakhudza anthu , malo, ndi chilengedwe.
Kuphunzira mbiri yakale yaukadaulo kudzera mu kafukufuku wa zinthu zakale zamafakitale kumatanthauza kuwerenga mbiri yamakono mokwanira: osati kudzera m'nkhani zovomerezeka zokha, komanso kudzera mu makina otha ntchito, malo opangira zinthu owonongeka, ndi malo omwe asinthidwa ndi kufunikira kwa mphamvu ndi kupanga. Kuchokera pamenepo, titha kumvetsetsa momwe anthu adamangira kupita patsogolo, kulipira, ndikupereka maphunziro kwa mibadwo yamtsogolo.
Ngati itayendetsedwa bwino, cholowa cha mafakitale sichikhala cholemetsa chakale, koma ndi gwero la chidziwitso, kudziwika ndi kudzoza—kuti kumbuyo kwa chimney chilichonse, njanji ndi cog, pali nkhani ya munthu yoyenera kukumbukiridwa.
