Kusiyana Pakati pa Anthropology Yathupi ndi Anthropology Yachikhalidwe
Anthropology ndi kuphunzira za anthu, kuchokera ku lingaliro la zamoyo, chikhalidwe, chikhalidwe, ndi mbiri yakale. Monga gawo lovuta komanso lokwanira, anthropology imagawidwa m'magawo angapo ang'onoang'ono, awiri mwa iwo ndi anthropology ya thupi ndi anthropology ya chikhalidwe. Ngakhale onse awiri amaphunzira za anthu, njira zawo, zolinga zawo, ndi njira zawo zimasiyana kwambiri. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa anthropology ya thupi ndi anthropology ya chikhalidwe kuti timvetsetse bwino maphunzirowa.
Anthropology Yathupi: Kuyang'ana Kwambiri ndi Njira Yodziwira
Anthropology ya thupi, yomwe nthawi zambiri imatchedwanso anthropology ya zamoyo, ndi nthambi ya anthropology yomwe imayang'ana kwambiri mbali za zamoyo za anthu. Imagwirizana kwambiri ndi kusintha kwa anthu , majini, ndi kusiyana kwa zamoyo pakati pa anthu. Nazi zina mwazinthu zazikulu za gawoli:
1. Kusintha kwa Anthu: Anthropology ya thupi imaphunzira kusintha kwa anthu kuchokera ku makolo akale a nyamakazi kupita ku Homo sapiens wamakono. Kudzera mu kusanthula kwa zinthu zakale ndi zinthu zakale, akatswiri a anthropology ya thupi amatha kuzindikira kusintha kwa kapangidwe ka thupi komwe kwachitika kwa zaka mamiliyoni ambiri.
2. Paleoanthropology: Nthambi yapadera ya anthropology ya thupi yomwe imaphunzira za mafupa a anthu ndi makolo awo. Akatswiri a paleoanthropology amagwiritsa ntchito njira monga radiometric dating ndi morphological analysis kuti amvetse bwino za chitukuko cha anthu.
3. Majini a Anthu: Kuphunzira kusiyanasiyana kwa majini mwa anthu kuti timvetse momwe majini amakhudzira kukana matenda, kusintha kwa chilengedwe, ndi kusiyanasiyana kwina.
4. Bioarchaeology: Kusanthula mafupa kuti apange chithunzi cha miyoyo ya anthu akale, monga zakudya, moyo, ndi thanzi.
5. Primatology: Kuphunzira za anyani omwe si anthu (monga anyani, anyani, ndi anyani). Izi zimathandiza akatswiri a zachikhalidwe kumvetsetsa khalidwe, chilengedwe, ndi kusintha kwa magulu ogwirizana kwambiri ndi anthu.
Njira zophunzirira za anthu a thupi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zowerengera, pogwiritsa ntchito njira za labotale ndi miyeso kuti asonkhanitse deta. Mwachitsanzo, kuyeza zigaza (craniometry) kapena kusanthula DNA yakale kuti atsatire kusamuka kwa anthu.
Chikhalidwe cha Anthu : Kuyang'ana Kwambiri ndi Njira Yochitira Zinthu
Mosiyana ndi anthropology ya thupi, anthropology ya chikhalidwe imaphunzira zinthu zomwe si zamoyo za anthu, monga chikhalidwe ndi kayendetsedwe ka anthu. Zinthuzi zikuphatikizapo miyambo, makhalidwe abwino, miyambo, ndi njira zomwe anthu amagwirira ntchito limodzi komanso malo awo. Nazi zina mwa mfundo zazikulu za anthropology ya chikhalidwe :
1. Ethnography: Njira imodzi yayikulu mu chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi ethnography, yomwe imaphatikizapo ofufuza omwe amakhala mwachindunji pakati pa anthu ammudzi omwe akuphunziridwa, kuyang'anitsitsa ndikuyanjana nawo kwambiri. Cholinga chake ndikumvetsetsa moyo wa anthu ammudzi kuchokera mkati.
2. Machitidwe ndi Miyambo ya Chikhulupiriro: Akatswiri a chikhalidwe cha anthu amaphunzira mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zikhulupiriro, kuyambira zipembedzo zazikulu mpaka za mizimu, ndi miyambo yokhudzana ndi machitidwe a zikhulupiriro amenewa. Amafuna kumvetsetsa momwe zikhulupirirozi zimayendetsera moyo watsiku ndi tsiku komanso momwe zimapangira kudziwika kwa gulu.
3. Kapangidwe ka Anthu: Kuphunzira za ubale wa anthu, magulu a anthu, ndi mabungwe ena a anthu. Izi zikuphatikizapo momwe mphamvu ndi ulamuliro zimagawidwira, momwe mikangano imayendetsedwera, komanso momwe mabungwe a anthu monga banja ndi ukwati amagwirira ntchito.
4. Chilankhulo: Anthropology ya chilankhulo kapena maphunziro a chilankhulo cha anthu amaphunzira udindo wa chilankhulo pa chikhalidwe. Kodi chilankhulo chimawonetsa bwanji ndikukhudza malingaliro achikhalidwe, kulumikizana, ndi kufalitsa?
5. Chikhalidwe cha Zachilengedwe: Kuphunzira momwe zikhalidwe za anthu zimagwirizanirana ndi malo awo, momwe zimasinthira, komanso momwe zikhulupiriro ndi machitidwe awo amathandizira kuti zinthu zipitirire kukhalapo pazochitika zina.
Njira yophunzirira chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi yothandiza kwambiri, makamaka poyang'ana ophunzira, kuyankhulana mozama, ndi kusanthula zikalata. Deta yomwe yapezeka nthawi zambiri imakhala yofotokozera bwino komanso yokonzedwa bwino kuti iwonetse bwino moyo wa anthu ndi chikhalidwe chawo.
Kufanana ndi Kusiyana
Ngakhale pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa anthropology ya thupi ndi anthropology ya chikhalidwe, ali ndi kufanana kwakukulu. Magulu awiriwa amayesetsa kumvetsetsa anthu onse, poganizira mbali zawo zosiyanasiyana komanso momwe amagwirira ntchito limodzi. Nthawi zambiri amagwiranso ntchito limodzi pa ntchito zazikulu zofufuzira kuti apereke chithunzi chokwanira cha anthu.
Komabe, kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa ziwirizi kuli mu chinthu chomwe chikuphunziridwa:
1. Cholinga Chophunzirira: Anthropology ya thupi imayang'ana kwambiri mbali za chibadwa cha anthu, monga kapangidwe ka thupi, majini, ndi kusintha kwa zinthu. Pakadali pano, anthropology ya chikhalidwe imayang'ana kwambiri mbali za chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi chikhalidwe chawo, monga miyambo, zikhulupiriro, ndi kapangidwe ka anthu.
2. Njira: Anthropology ya thupi imagwiritsa ntchito njira zowerengera ndi zasayansi, monga kuyeza kwa labotale ndi kusanthula ziwerengero. Anthropology ya chikhalidwe imagwiritsa ntchito njira zowunikira kwambiri , monga kuwona ophunzira ndi kuyankhulana.
3. Njira: Anthropology ya thupi nthawi zambiri imakhala yasayansi komanso yolunjika, pomwe anthropology ya chikhalidwe imakhala yofotokozera komanso yogwirizana ndi maganizo a munthu. Izi sizikutanthauza kuti chimodzi ndi chabwino kuposa china, koma zonse ziwiri zimapereka malingaliro osiyana koma ogwirizana.
4. Cholinga Chomaliza: Cholinga chachikulu cha anthropology ya thupi ndikumvetsetsa kusintha kwa zamoyo za anthu komanso kusiyanasiyana kwawo. Pakadali pano, cholinga cha anthropology ya chikhalidwe ndikumvetsetsa momwe anthu amapangira, kukulitsa, ndikusunga chikhalidwe chawo.
Kugwirizana pakati pa Anthropology Yathupi ndi Anthropology Yachikhalidwe
Ngakhale kuti pali kusiyana, magawo awiriwa nthawi zambiri amagwira ntchito mogwirizana. Mwachitsanzo, pophunzira za kusintha kwa anthu ku malo ovuta kwambiri, kudziwa kusintha kwa zamoyo (kuchokera ku anthropology yakuthupi) ndi njira zachikhalidwe (kuchokera ku anthropology yachikhalidwe) zonse ndizofunikira kwambiri. Ofufuza za bioarchaeology nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso kuchokera ku anthropology yachikhalidwe kuti afotokoze deta yawo, kumvetsetsa bwino chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu am'mbuyomu omwe amaphunzira.
Mapeto
Anthropology ya thupi ndi anthropology ya chikhalidwe, ngakhale kuti ndi zosiyana pankhani ndi njira, zonse ndi zofunika kuti anthu amvetsetse bwino. Anthropology ya thupi imapereka chidziwitso pa kusintha kwa zamoyo ndi kusintha kwa anthu, pomwe anthropology ya chikhalidwe imapereka
