Kutsutsa Pambuyo pa Chikoloni mu Maphunziro a Anthropological
Pegantar
Anthropology, monga gawo la sayansi ya chikhalidwe cha anthu lomwe limaphunzira anthu ndi zikhalidwe zawo, silingalekanitsidwe ndi mbiri ya ukoloni. Monga gawo la maphunziro, anthropology idayamba ndikukula munthawi ya ukoloni, pomwe mayiko aku Europe adalamulira madera osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi. Izi zidabweretsa zovuta komanso nthawi zambiri zovuta. Kuwunika pambuyo pa ukoloni mu maphunziro a anthropology kumafuna kuwunikira ndikuwunika momwe cholowa cha ukoloni chikupitirizira kukhudza njira, malingaliro, ndi zolinga za maphunziro a anthropology mpaka lero.
Chiyambi ndi Nkhani ya Ukoloni
Kuti mumvetse kutsutsa pambuyo pa ukoloni mu anthropology, ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa mbiri yakale ya ukoloni yokha. Ukoloni ndi mfundo kapena machitidwe okhudzana ndi kulamulira dziko lina ndi lina, nthawi zambiri pofuna kuwononga chuma ndi kulamulira ndale. M'zaka za m'ma 18 ndi 19, akatswiri a za anthu nthawi zambiri ankagwira ntchito mkati mwa dongosolo la akoloni, kaya mwachindunji kapena mwanjira ina, lomwe nthawi zambiri linkathandizira kapangidwe ka mphamvu za akoloni.
Pali zotsatira ziwiri zazikulu za izi: Choyamba, njira yosonkhanitsira deta ndi kumanga mfundo nthawi zambiri inkachitika poganiza kuti chikhalidwe cha ku Ulaya n’chofunika kwambiri. Chachiwiri, maphunziro a anthu panthawiyo nthawi zambiri ankachitika ndi zolinga zomwe zinkathandiza ulamuliro wa atsamunda, monga kujambula mitundu ndi miyambo ya anthu am'deralo.
Kutsutsa Pambuyo pa Chikoloni: Kuwononga Nyumba ndi Vuto la Ulamuliro
Njira zotsatizana ndi ukoloni zimayang'ana kwambiri pakuchotsa nkhani zomwe nthawi zambiri zimaonedwa kuti ndi zodalirika komanso zoona. Ponena za chikhalidwe cha anthu, ndemanga iyi ikufuna kufufuza momwe sayansi iyi imakhalira pamalingaliro ena omwe amapindulitsa zofuna za ukoloni.
1. Zachilendo ndi Maonero Olakwika
Chimodzi mwa zifukwa zazikulu chikukhudza chizolowezi cha anthropology chofuna kuyika miyambo ina patsogolo ngati 'yachilendo' komanso yosiyana kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe cha Kumadzulo. Njira imeneyi imaphatikizapo kuganizira mozama za chikhalidwe, kuchepetsa zovuta za chikhalidwe kukhala chinthu chomwe omvera akumadzulo angathe kuchimvetsa mosavuta. Ntchito ya akatswiri a anthropology monga Edward Said m'buku lake lakuti "Orientalism" ikuwonetsa momwe kuyimira kwa Kumadzulo kwa miyambo ya Kum'mawa nthawi zambiri kumakhala kodzaza ndi malingaliro ndi tsankho.
2. Udindo wa Mutu ndi Kusayang'ana Patsogolo kwa Sayansi
Kuwunika pambuyo pa ukoloni kumatsutsanso zonena za kusachita zinthu mopanda tsankho mu kafukufuku wa anthu. Udindo wa katswiri wa za anthu monga 'wowonera wosalowerera ndale' nthawi zambiri umakayikiridwa chifukwa anthu omwe amaphunzira ndi anthu omwe amakumana ndi mphamvu zovuta. Pachifukwa ichi, katswiri wa za anthu ku North America Vine Deloria Jr. adadzudzula za anthu ngati chida chopitirizira ulamuliro wa chikhalidwe ndi ndale zachikoloni mwa kubisa mphamvu kumbuyo kwa 'cholinga' cha maphunziro.
3. Bungwe ndi Mawu Osasintha
Chimodzi mwa nkhawa zazikulu za akatswiri a zaumulungu pambuyo pa ukoloni monga Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak ndi kufunika kopereka mawu kwa magulu omwe ali pansi pa ulamuliro wa anthu kapena "osasintha". Mu maphunziro a anthu, izi zikutanthauza kupereka mpata ku malingaliro ndi malingaliro a omwe akuphunziridwa, omwe mawu awo nthawi zambiri amanyalanyazidwa kapena kuponderezedwa ndi nkhani zazikulu. Spivak akufunsa funso lokhudza mtima, "Kodi Osasintha Amalankhula?" - kuwonetsa momwe zimakhalira zovuta kuti mawu ochokera m'mphepete mwa nyanja amvekedwe m'makambirano anzeru omwe amatsogozedwa ndi malingaliro akumadzulo.
Njira Yatsopano: Anthropology Yovuta
Poyankha ndemanga izi za pambuyo pa ukoloni, njira zatsopano zosiyanasiyana zatulukira mu anthropology zomwe zimafuna kukhala zowunikira komanso zoganizira bwino. Zina mwa izi ndi izi:
1. Anthropology Yodziyimira Payokha
Njira yoganizira bwino imafuna kuti akatswiri a za chikhalidwe cha anthu azidziwa bwino ndikuwunika momwe alili pa kafukufukuyu. Izi zikuphatikizapo kuganizira momwe umunthu wawo, mbiri yawo, ndi tsankho lawo zimakhudzira njira yofufuzira komanso kutanthauzira zotsatira zake.
2. Kutenga nawo mbali kwa anthu onse pa kafukufuku
Kutenga nawo mbali gulu lofufuza pa gawo lililonse la kafukufukuyu ndi njira yochepetsera kusalingana kwa mphamvu. Njira imeneyi ikuzindikira kuti anthu ammudzi ali ndi chidziwitso cha m'deralo chomwe chili chofunikira komanso chovomerezeka mu kafukufukuyu.
3. Kulemba kwa Ethnographic ndi Mawu Ambiri
Mu kulemba za mafuko, akatswiri ena a zachikhalidwe akuyamba kugwiritsa ntchito nkhani zosiyanasiyana kuti afotokoze zovuta za chikhalidwe ndi malingaliro osiyanasiyana omwe alipo. Izi cholinga chake ndi kupereka mawu enieni ochokera m'madera omwe akuphunziridwa.
Kuphunzira Nkhani ndi Kukhazikitsa
Pali zitsanzo zingapo zenizeni za momwe kutsutsa pambuyo pa ukoloni kwagwiritsidwira ntchito m'maphunziro amakono a anthu. Chitsanzo chimodzi ndi kuphunzira za kukana chikhalidwe pankhani ya kuponderezedwa kwa atsamunda ndi pambuyo pa ukoloni. Mwachitsanzo, kuphunzira za chikhalidwe cha anthu aku Afro-Caribbean kukuwonetsa momwe zikhalidwe zomwe zimaonedwa kuti ndi "zochepa" zingakhalire magwero amphamvu ndi odziwika bwino poyang'anizana ndi ulamuliro wa atsamunda.
Akatswiri a zachikhalidwe cha anthu aku India, monga Arjun Appadurai, nawonso achita ntchito yofunika kufotokoza momwe kufalikira kwa dziko lonse lapansi kumakhudzira chikhalidwe ndi madera am'deralo . Kugogomezera kwake "malo oyendera" kukusonyeza kuti chikhalidwe sichili chokhazikika komanso chokhazikika, koma chimasintha nthawi zonse ndipo chikusintha nthawi zonse.
Mapeto
Kuwunika pambuyo pa ukoloni mu maphunziro a anthu sikuti ndi njira yophunzirira yokha kumvetsetsa ndikuwunika cholowa cha ukoloni, komanso ntchito ya makhalidwe abwino yopangira njira ndi malingaliro ophatikizana komanso ofanana. Mwa kutsutsa nkhani zazikulu ndikutsegula malo a mawu osiyidwa, maphunziro a anthu ali ndi mwayi wokhala ofunikira komanso othandiza kumvetsetsa zovuta zomwe zikusintha pakati pa anthu ndi madera athu.
Poyang'anizana ndi mavuto apadziko lonse lapansi monga kusamuka kwa anthu, kusintha kwa nyengo, ndi mikangano ya chikhalidwe, ndikofunikira kuti maphunziro a anthu azisintha nthawi zonse ndikuphunzira kuchokera ku ndemanga za pambuyo pa ukoloni. Pokhapokha pothana ndi mavuto omwe adabuka m'mbuyomu ndi pomwe maphunziro a anthu angayembekezere kukhala chida chabwino komanso chothandiza kwambiri pakumvetsetsa dziko lathu lovuta komanso losiyanasiyana.
