Te Ariā o te Horapa i roto i te Mahi Whakarewa
Ko te horapa tētahi o ngā ariā tino taketake o te mahi whakarewa nā te mea ka whakahaere i te nekehanga o ngā ngota i roto i ngā rauemi totoka. Ahakoa te āhua "kore e kitea" o tēnei nekehanga ngota i runga i te tauine nui, he tino tūturu tōna pānga: ka pā te horapa ki te tere o te maimoatanga wera, te hanganga āhua, te ātete ki te waikura, te kaha miihini, tae noa ki te roa o te mahi a ngā wāhanga. Ki te kore e mārama ki te horapa, he uaua ki te whakamārama he aha ka taea ai te whakapakeke i te maitai, he aha ka pakarukaru ai ētahi koranu i muri i te whakamahana roa, he aha rānei ka taea ai e ngā paparanga tiaki i runga i ngā mata whakarewa te hanga me te mau tonu.
Te Mārama ki te Horapa me ngā Tikanga Taketake
I te whakarapopototanga, ko te horapa ko te whakawhiti i te papatipu nā te pikinga kukū, arā, te rerekētanga o te kukū o tētahi huānga mai i tētahi wāhi ki tētahi atu. I roto i ngā rauemi totoka pērā i ngā konganuku, kāore ngā ngota e neke noa ana pērā i roto i ngā wai, i ngā hau rānei. Heoi, i ētahi pāmahana, ka taea e ngā ngota te "peke" mai i tētahi tūranga i roto i te whatunga karaihe ki tētahi atu, inā koa mēnā he wāhi takoto kau, he wāhi waenga rānei. Mā tēnei tukanga ka horapa ngā ngota mai i ngā wāhi kukū teitei ki ngā wāhi kukū iti kia tutuki rā anō he tohatoha ōrite.
I roto i te mahi whakarewa, e rua ngā tikanga matua mō te horapa:
1. Te horapa whakakapinga
Ka puta ina noho ngā ngota matūriki ki ngā tūranga whatunga hei whakakapi i ngā ngota konganuku turanga (hei tauira, ko te Ni i roto i te Fe i roto i te maitai koranu). Ka heke ngā ngota mā te whakamahi i ngā wāhi takoto kau. Nā te mea e hiahiatia ana te noho o ngā wāhi takoto kau me te āhua "taumaha" o te whakawhiti, he puhoi ake te horapa whakakapinga.
2. Te horapa i waenganui i ngā hononga
Ka puta ina nohoia e ngā ngota iti ngā wāhi waenga (hei tauira, te C, te N rānei i roto i te Fe). Ka taea e ēnei ngota iti te peke i waenga i ngā wāhi waenga me te kore e tatari mō ngā wāhi wātea, nō reira he tere ake i te horapa whakakapinga. Koia te take ka taea e te waro te horapa tere i roto i te rino i ngā pāmahana teitei—he mea nui tēnei i roto i te whakapakeketanga o te mata me te whakamahana i te maitai.
Ngā Mana Whakahaere o te Horapa: Te Rōrahi Kukū me te Pūngao Koreutu
Ka puta te horapa nā te mea he iti ake te kaha kore utu o tētahi pūnaha. Ko te pikinga kukū te kaha akiaki tino noa: ka heke ngā ngota i tētahi pikinga kukū hei whakaiti i te rerekētanga o ngā hanganga. Heoi, i roto i te mahi whakarewa, ka uaua ake te kaha akiaki mō te horapa, pērā i te pikinga pūmanawa matū, te pikinga ahotea (te horapa āwhina-ahotea), te pikinga pāmahana rānei (te whakamahana wera). Heoi anō, mō te maha o ngā tono hangarau, ko te pikinga kukū tonu te tauira matua mō te tātari horapa.
Te Ture a Fick: He Anga Tauanga mō te Horapa
I roto i te tātari horapa i roto i te mahi whakarewa, ka whakamahia te Ture a Fick, e hono ana i te rerenga ngota ki te pikinga kukū.
– E ai ki te Ture Tuatahi a Fick, he rite te rere o te horapa ki te pikinga kukū: ka rere ngā ngota mai i te kukū teitei ki te iti. I roto i te ariā, ko te pari o te pikinga kukū, ko te nui ake o te tere o te horapa.
– E whakamārama ana te ture tuarua a Fick i te rerekētanga o te kukū i te wā. He mea nui tēnei ture mō te matapae i ngā kōtaha kukū i muri i ngā tukanga pēnei i te whakapūkara, te whakanitiriti, te horapa rānei o ngā huānga whakarewa i te wā e rongoatia ana te wera mō te wā roa.
Mā te Ture a Fick II, ka taea e ngā miihini te whakatau tata i te roa o te whakamahana e hiahiatia ana kia tae ki tētahi hohonutanga o te horapa ki runga i te mata o tētahi wāhanga.
Tauwehenga Horapa me te Pānga Pāmahana
Ko te tere o te horapa ka whakatauhia nuitia e te tauwehenga horapa (D). Ka piki haere te uara o D i te pikinga o te pāmahana, ā, ko tōna whakawhirinakitanga he maha ngā wā ka whai i te whārite Arrhenius:
– Ka piki haere te D i te tere o te pikinga me te pāmahana,
– i whakatauhia e te pūngao whakahohenga (Q) mō te nekehanga ngota.
I roto i ngā kupu mahi, ko te tikanga o tēnei, mā te pikinga o te pāmahana o ngā tekau ki ngā rau nekehanga ka taea te whakatere i te horapa i ngā wā maha. Nō reira, ko ngā tukanga whakarewa pēnei i te whakakotahitanga o te koranu, te whakamahana paura whakarewa, te maimoatanga wera rānei ka whakamahi i ngā pāmahana teitei hei whakatere i te nekehanga ngota me te whakatutuki i te hanganga moroiti e hiahiatia ana i roto i te wā whakaputa tika.
Te horapa i roto i te hanganga moroiti: Te whanaungatanga ki te huringa ā-wāhanga
He hononga tika te horapa ki ngā panonitanga āhua i roto i ngā koranu. He maha ngā panonitanga i roto i ngā konganuku e whakahaerehia ana e te horapa, arā, ko te tere o te hanganga o ngā āhua hou ka whakatauhia e te tere o te neke o ngā ngota.
Hei tauira:
– I roto i te maitai, me horapa te waro hei hanga i te pearlite mai i te austenite.
– Ko te hanganga o ngā matūriki i roto i ngā koranu konumohe (hei tauira, Al-Cu) i te wā e pakeke haere ana, e whakawhirinaki ana hoki ki te horapa o ngā ngota wairewa hei hanga i ngā matūriki whakapakari.
Heoi, kāore e hiahiatia he horapa i ngā panonitanga katoa. Ka tere rawa te puta o ngā panonitanga pēnei i te martensite i roto i te maitai, ā, tata kore e horapa, nā te mea ka puta te panonitanga o te hanganga tioata mā roto i ngā nekehanga ngota ā-pūhui. He mea nui tēnei whakatairite i waenga i ngā panonitanga horapa me ngā panonitanga kore-horapa ki te mārama me pēhea te whakahaere i ngā āhuatanga ā-pūkaha mā te maimoatanga wera.
Te Horapa i ngā Rohe o te Witi me ngā Nekehanga: Te Ara Tere
Kāore i te ōrite tonu te horapa o ngā konganuku puta noa i te rauemi. Tērā ētahi ara hei whakatere i te horapa, arā:
– Ngā rohe witi
He āhua pōrearea ake te hanganga o tēnei rohe i tō roto o te witi, e āhei ai ngā ngota ki te neke ngāwari ake. He mea nui te horapa o te rohe witi i roto i ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te ngokingoki i ngā pāmahana teitei me te wehewehenga o ētahi huānga i ngā rohe witi, ka arahi pea ki te pakarukaru.
– Te nekenekehanga (te horapa o ngā paipa)
Ka taea e ngā nekehanga te mahi hei "paipa" mō te horapa tere. I ētahi wā, ka whai wāhi te horapa mā roto i ngā nekehanga ki ngā huringa hanganga moroiti i te wā o te whakarerekētanga wera me te whakaoranga.
Mā tēnei ara horapa tere ka whakamārama he aha ngā rauemi paitini, he matotoru rānei te kōpeketanga ka whakaatu i ngā whanonga horapa rerekē i ngā rauemi tioata "tino tika".
Te Whakamahinga o te Horapa i roto i ngā Tukanga Whakarewa
Ehara te horapa i te ariā noa iho; e whakamahia tika ana i roto i ngā tukanga ahumahi maha:
1. Te whakakāhu me te whakanitiriti
Ko te tukanga whakapakeke i te mata o te maitai mā te whakauru i te waro, te hauota rānei ki roto i te paparanga mata. Mā te horapa e whakahaere te hohonutanga o te anga me te kōtaha pakeketanga.
2. Te whakaōrite i te koranu
I muri i te whakarewanga, ka puta pinepine te wehewehenga hanganga. Mā ngā maimoatanga wera whakakotahi ka whakamahia te horapa hei whakataurite i te tohatoha o ngā huānga whakarewa.
3. Te whakakorikori i te paura whakarewa
I te wā e whakapūmau ana, ka piri tahi ngā matūriki paura, ā, ka mimiti ngā pore nā te horapa o te ngota i waenga i ngā mata matūriki, ngā rohe o te kōpura, me te rōrahi.
4. Paninga horapa
Hei tauira, mā te whakakoi i te konumohe, te whakakōromō rānei, ka taea te whakanui ake i te ātete ki te waikura/waikura i ngā pāmahana teitei. Ka puta te paninga ina horapa ngā huānga paninga ki roto i te papa, ka hanga i ngā matū whakakoi motuhake.
5. Te ngoki me te pirau i te pāmahana teitei
Mēnā ka whakamahia mō te wā roa i ngā pāmahana tiketike (ngā tāpine, ngā kohua), ka whai wāhi te horapa ki te nekehanga o te rohe o te kōpaka, te whakakiki o ngā matū, me te whakanui ake i ngā āputa, ā, i te mutunga ka ngoikore te rauemi.
Ngā Take e Pā Ana ki te Horapa
Ko ētahi o ngā āhuatanga nui e whakahaere ana i te horapa i roto i te mahi whakarewa ko:
– Te pāmahana (tino kaha): ka teitei ake, ka tere ake.
– Te rahi me te momo tikanga o te ngota: he tere ake ngā ngota iti i waenganui i ngā ngota.
– Hanganga karaihe: ka pā te mātotoru o te whatunga ki te ngāwari o te peke a ngā ngota.
– Te kukū o te takoto kau: ka piki ake i te pāmahana, ā, ka pā ki te horapa whakakapinga.
– Ko te kitea o ngā hapa tioata: ka taea e ngā rohe kōpaka, ngā nekehanga, me ngā pūwero te whakateretere i te horapa.
– Te hanganga o te koranu: ka taea e ngā taunekeneke i waenga i ngā huānga te whakanui, te whakaiti rānei i te nekehanga ngota.
Te Katinga
Ko te ariā o te horapa i roto i te mahi whakarewa he mea nui ki te mārama me pēhea te hanga i ngā āhuatanga o ngā konganuku me ngā koranu. Mai i te maimoatanga wera o te maitai, ki te whakapakari i te whakarewanga o ngā koranu mama, ki te pakari o ngā rauemi i te pāmahana teitei, ko te pūtake o ngā mea katoa ko te kaha o ngā ngota ki te neke i roto i te totoka. Mā te anga o te Ture a Fick me te mārama ki ngā tikanga horapa whakakapinga me te whakawhiti, ka taea e ngā kaihangarau te matapae i ngā tere tukanga, te arotau i ngā tawhā whakaputa, me te ārai i ngā rahunga wāhanga i te mara. Hei whakamutunga, ko te horapa te "mīhini" o te hanganga moroiti—ā, ko te hanganga moroiti te mea matua e whakatau ana i te mahi a te rauemi whakarewa.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te tāpiri i tētahi hoahoa ariā (hei tauira, he kōtaha kukū warowaihā), he tauira tātaitanga māmā i runga i te Ture a Fick, ka taea rānei e au te matapaki hohonu ake i te horapa motuhake i roto i te pūnaha Fe–C.
