Te Whakamahinga o te Hangarau Whakarewa i roto i te Hanganga Taputapu Rorohiko
Ko te mahi whakarewa te pūtaiao me te hangarau e ako ana i ngā āhuatanga o ngā konganuku me pēhea te tango, te pure, te whakakotahi, me te hanga kia rite ki ngā hiahia motuhake. I roto i te ao hangarau mōhiohio, he mea nui te mahi whakarewa nā te mea tata katoa ngā taputapu rorohiko—mai i ngā tukatuka me ngā papahoahoa ki ngā taputapu rokiroki me ngā anga—e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā rauemi konganuku me te koranu he tino tika ngā āhuatanga. Ki te kore ngā whanaketanga o te mahi whakarewa, kua kore ngā rorohiko o ēnei rā e tere, e pono, e whai hua ana te wera, me te pakari e pā ana ki a tātou i ēnei rā.
1. Te whakarewa hei tūāpapa mō ngā rauemi taputapu
Ko ngā taputapu rorohiko he mea hanga mai i te huinga o ngā rauemi: ngā mea haurua-ira (pērā i te silicon), ngā polymer (kirihou), ngā uku, me ngā konganuku. I roto i ēnei, ka mahi ngā konganuku hei kawe hiko, hei whakamarara wera, hei ārai hikohiko, me ngā huānga hanganga. Mā te hangarau konganuku ka taea e ngā kaihanga te whiriwhiri i te hanganga rauemi tino tika i runga i ā rātou hiahia: te kawe hiko teitei mō ngā ara iahiko hiko, te kaha miihini mō te chassis, te ātete waikura mō ngā hononga, me te kawe wera mōrahi mō ngā pūnaha whakamatao.
Ehara i te mea ko te mahi whakarewa hou e pā ana ki "te konganuku hei whakamahi" anake, engari me pēhea hoki te pānga o te hanganga moroiti o te rauemi—pērā i te rahi o te kōhao, te āhua o te koranu, me te maimoatanga wera—ki te mahi. Mā te whakahaere i tēnei hanganga moroiti ka taea e te koranu te pupuri i te kaha i ngā pāmahana teitei, te noho pumau i muri i ngā huringa whakamahana maha, te whakaatu rānei i te ātete kakahu i raro i te pa atu ā-ringa maha.
2. Ngā kaiārahi hiko: te parahi, te koura, me ō rātou koranu
Ko tētahi o ngā whakamahinga tino kitea o te mahi whakarewa ko te whakamahinga o te parahi (Cu) hei kawe hiko i roto i ngā papahoahoa me ngā taura. Ka whiriwhiria te parahi nā te mea he tino teitei tōna kawe hiko, he ngāwari te hanga, ā, he iti ake te utu ki te whakataurite ki ngā konganuku utu nui. I runga i ngā papa ara iahiko tā (PCB), ka hangaia ngā paparanga parahi hei tohu mā te whakamahi i tētahi tukanga hanga e hiahia ana ki ngā matotoru me te parakore motuhake. He mahi tā te mahi whakarewa ki te whakahaere i te parakore o te parahi, nā te mea ka taea e ngā poke te whakanui ake i te ātete hiko me te whakateretere i te waikura.
I taua wā, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia te koura (Au) hei whakakikorua i ngā hononga—hei tauira, te RAM, ngā hononga PCIe, me ētahi tauranga—nā te mea he tino ātete ki te waikura, ā, he pai hoki te kawe hiko. Ahakoa he utu nui, he nui te paparanga koura angiangi hei whakarite i te pumau o te whakapā hiko mō te wā roa. I roto i te mahi, me whakahaere te matotoru, te piri, me te hototahi ki te konganuku turanga hei ārai i te pakaru.
Haunga te koura, ka whakamahia whānuitia te nikara (Ni) hei paparanga ārai hei ārai i te horapa o te konganuku, ka taea te whakaiti i te kounga o te whakapā. Ko te huinga Cu-Ni-Au i roto i ngā hononga he tauira o te whakapai ake a te miihini whakarewa i te mahi me te roa o te ratonga.
3. Te honohono me te hononga: mai i te tine-mata ki te tine-kore-mata
Ko te hanga taputapu rorohiko e uru ana ki te tukanga whakapiripiri e whakamahia ana hei hono i ngā wāhanga ki te papa ara iahiko tā (PCB). I mua, i rongonui ngā whakapiripiri tine-mata (Sn-Pb) nā te iti o te ira rewa me te ngāwari o te whakamahi. Heoi, nā ngā āwangawanga hauora me te taiao, kua neke te umanga ki ngā whakapiripiri kore-mata, pērā i te tine-hiriwa-parahi koranu (SAC: Sn-Ag-Cu).
Koinei te wāhi e tino hira ai te mahi whakarewa. Me tutuki i ngā konukōre whakarewa ngā whakaritenga maha: he ira rewa e tika ana mō te tukanga hanga, te kaha mākū, te kaha miihini, te ātete ki te pakaru o te ngenge wera, me te pumau i raro i ngā huringa whakamatao-wera. Ka ako te mahi whakarewa i te hanganga o ngā matū whakarewa i waenga i te konukōre whakarewa me te papa parahi, nā te mea ka taea e te paparanga whakarewa matotoru rawa te hanga hononga pakarukaru. Ko te whakahaere i te hanganga konukōre whakarewa, te kōtaha whakamahana rerenga anō, me te hoahoa paninga tiaki papa he wāhanga katoa o te hangarau whakarewa e whakatau ana i te kounga o te hua.
4. Whakahaere wera: konumohe, parahi, me ngā rauemi wera
He nui te wera e whakaputaina ana e ngā rorohiko o ēnei rā, inā koa i roto i te CPU me te GPU. Ko te whakahaere wera he mea nui hei whakarite i te mahi pumau me te roa o te oranga o ngā wāhanga. Ka tautokohia tēnei e te mahi whakarewa mā te whiriwhiri me te hanga i ngā rauemi whakamahana, te horapa wera, me ngā paipa wera.
He whānuitia te whakamahinga o te konumohe (Al) mō ngā whakamahana wera nā te mea he mama, he ngāwari te whakaputa ki roto i ngā tara whakamatao, ā, he iti te utu. Ko te parahi, me tōna kawe wera teitei ake, ka whakamahia pinepinetia i roto i ngā wāhanga e hiahia ana kia tere te whakawhiti wera, pērā i ngā turanga whakamahana wera, i ngā paipa wera rānei. I ētahi hoahoa, ka whakakotahi ngā whakamahana wera i te konumohe me te parahi kia tutuki ai te taurite i waenga i te mahi wera me te taumaha/utu. Ko te tukanga hono i ēnei konganuku rerekē e rua me whai whakaaro ki te whakarewa, pērā i te aukati i te waikura galvanic me te whakarite kia pai te hononga wera.
Hei tāpiritanga, ka whakamahia e te mīhini hora wera o te tukatuka ngā rauemi whakarewa he kounga teitei te mata, he papatahi hoki, kia pai ai te pa atu ki te whakapiri wera. Ahakoa te whakapiri wera tonu, i ētahi wā kei roto i te whakapiri wera ngā matūriki whakarewa, uku rānei hei whakanui ake i te kawe wera—ahakoa kei roto tēnei i te ao o ngā rauemi hiato, he mea nui tonu ngā mātāpono whakarewa i roto i te kōwhiringa me te pumau o ngā matūriki.
5. Hanganga ā-mīhini: anga, anga, me te ātete ki te waikura
Ko ngā wāhanga hanganga pēnei i ngā pouaka rorohiko, te anga pona, me ngā āputa o roto e hiahia ana ki ngā rauemi kaha engari māmā. He maha ngā pouaka papamahi e whakamahi ana i te maitai mō tōna kaha me te utu iti, ko ngā taputapu kawe ia e whakamahi ana i te konumohe, i te konupora rānei hei mama ake. Ka āwhina te mahi whakarewa ki te whakatau i te momo konumohe me te maimoatanga (pēnei i te konumohe whakakoi) hei whakapai ake i te ātete ki te kakahu me te waikura, me te whakarato hoki i te āhua ataahua.
I roto i ngā pona kounga teitei, me whai rauemi ōrite, pumau hoki ngā koranu konumohe kua oti te mīhini kia tika te hanga. I te wā e whiriwhiri ana i tētahi koranu, ka whakaarohia e te mahi whakarewa te pakeke, te āheinga ki te mīhini, me te ātete ki te whakarerekētanga. Ahakoa ngā taipitopito iti pēnei i ngā tīwiri me ngā inihi he whakamahinga o te mahi whakarewa: mā te whiriwhiri i te kowiri tira, i tētahi koranu motuhake rānei ka taea te whakatau mēnā ka mau tonu te inihi i muri i ngā mano tini whakatuwheratanga me ngā katinga.
6. Te rokiroki raraunga: te tūranga o te konganuku i roto i ngā HDD me ngā SSD
I roto i ngā puku mārō (HDD), he mea nui te mahi whakarewa. He mea hanga ngā pereti HDD ki te konumohe, ki te karāhe rānei kua pania ki tētahi rauemi aukume i ahu mai i tētahi koranu whakarewa (pērā i te cobalt). Ka pāngia te mātotoru rokiroki e ngā āhuatanga aukume o te koranu—tae atu ki te rahi o te witi me te whakatakotoranga tioata. Ka whakamahia hoki e te pane pānui-tuhi tētahi paparanga whakarewa tino angiangi mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga whakatakotoranga tino tika.
I roto i ngā puku totoka (SSD), ahakoa kei runga i ngā maramara haurua-irahiko ngā raraunga, kei te whai wāhi tonu te konganuku ki ngā ara hononga, ngā papa hononga, me te parepare. Hei tāpiri, he maha ngā SSD e whakamahi ana i ngā whakamahana konumohe hei pupuri i te pāmahana me te ārai i te hekenga o te mahi nā te whakahekenga wera.
7. Te parenga hikohiko me te pono o te tohu
Me tutuki ngā taputapu rorohiko i ngā paerewa whakararuraru hikohiko (EMI). Ka whakamahia te konganuku hei parepare hei ārai i te hihi tohu, i te whakararuraru rānei. Hei tauira, ko ngā parepare konganuku kei ētahi wāhanga o ngā papahoahoa, ngā anga hiko (PSU), me te paninga tiaki i runga i ngā taura. Ka āwhina te mahi konganuku ki te whiriwhiri i ngā rauemi e ārai pai ana i te whakararuraru, ā, he ngāwari hoki te hanga.
Ko te pono o te tohu tere-tiketike e pā ana hoki ki te kounga o te mata o te ara iahiko, te ātete ki te waikura, me te pumau o te whakapā. I roto i ngā hononga tere-tiketike, ko ngā paninga tiaki pēnei i te koura me te nikara ehara i te mea ko te "kore e waikura" anake, engari ko te pupuri hoki i te pumau o te aukati me te tuku raraunga puta noa i te oranga o te hua.
8. Ngā wero taiao me te hangarua: te mahi whakarewa pumau
He wero nui kei mua i te umanga taputapu rorohiko: ko ngā para hiko (e-para). He mahi anō tā te mahi whakarewa i konei mā te wehewehe me te whakaora i ngā konganuku utu nui pērā i te koura, te parahi, te hiriwa, te palladium, me ngā konganuku whenua onge mai i ngā taputapu kua whakamahia. Ka whakamahia ngā tikanga pyrometallurgy (te whakarewa) me te hydrometallurgy (te tango matū) hei tango i ngā konganuku me te tino whai hua.
Ko te whanaketanga o ngā rauemi hangarua ngāwari ake, te whakaiti i te whakamahinga o ngā konganuku paitini, me te hoahoa hua e tautoko ana i te wetewete, he wāhanga anō hoki o te huarahi hangarau konganuku hou. I te whanaketanga o ngā tikanga hangarua, ka heke te whakawhirinaki ki ngā mahi keri hou, he pānga nui ki te taiao.
Whakamutunga
Ko te mahi whakarewa te pou tuarā o ngā whanaketanga taputapu rorohiko e kore e kitea pinepine. Mai i ngā ara parahi i runga i ngā PCB, te whakakikorua koura i runga i ngā hononga, ngā koranu whakarewa kore-mata, ngā whakamahana konumohe me te parahi, ki ngā rauemi aukume i roto i ngā HDD—me mārama katoa ki ngā āhuatanga whakarewa, ngā koranu, ngā tukanga hanga, me ngā taunekeneke rauemi i te tauine iti. Ko te whanaketanga o ngā rorohiko tere ake, kiato ake, me te whai hua ake, ehara i te mea ko te hoahoa hiko anake engari ko te hangarau rauemi hoki e āhei ai ngā wāhanga ki te mahi pumau i raro i ngā āhuatanga tino kino. I te heke mai, ka nui haere te hiranga o te mahi whakarewa, inā koa ki te whakatairanga i te whai huatanga o te pūngao, te whakapai ake i te roa o te taputapu, me te whakapakari i ngā pūnaha hangarua mō tētahi umanga hangarau pumau ake.
