Te Whakarewatanga o ngā Rauemi Hanga-Nano i roto i te Whakawhanaketanga o ngā Rauemi Nanostructured
Kua mārama haere te ahunga whakamua o te pūtaiao rauemi i ngā tekau tau tata nei: me whai rauemi kaha ake, māmā ake, ātete ki te waikura, me te whai hua ake te tangata mō te whānuitanga o ngā mahi - mai i te kawe waka me te pūngao ki ngā taputapu hiko me te hauora. I waenganui i ēnei tono, kua puta ake ngā rauemi nanostructured hei tetahi o ngā putanga hou e tino whai hua ana. He āhuatanga motuhake, he rahi rānei kei roto i ēnei rauemi i runga i te tauine nanometer (tata ki te 1–100 nm), ā, ka hua ake he rerekē - he pai ake - ngā āhuatanga miihini, hiko, wera, me te matū ki ngā rauemi tuku iho. Koinei te wāhi e whai wāhi nui ai te mahi whakarewa: ehara i te mea ko te pūtaiao o ngā konganuku anake, engari he kaupapa e whakahaere ana i te hanganga o roto o ngā rauemi, te whakarerekētanga, me te whakahaere kia tutuki ai te mahi motuhake.
Te mārama ki ngā rauemi nanostructured me tō rātou tauine ahurei
Ko ngā rauemi nanostructured ka taea te waiho hei konganuku, hei koranu, hei uku, hei whakakotahitanga rānei he tino kikorangi ngā kirikiri, he nanoprecipitates rānei, he nanolayers, tae noa ki ngā pores nanoscale. I tēnei rahi, ka puta ake ngā āhuatanga "hou" maha. Hei tauira, ina whakaitihia te rahi o te kirikiri konganuku ki te tauine nanometer, ka piki ake te kaha nā te piki haere o ngā rohe kirikiri e aukati ana i te nekehanga o ngā nekehanga - te tikanga matua o te whakarerekētanga kirihou i roto i ngā konganuku. He maha ngā wā ka whakamāramahia tēnei āhuatanga e te whanaungatanga Hall-Petch, e piki ake ana te kaha me te heke haere o te rahi o te kirikiri (ahakoa i ngā rahi tino iti he tūponotanga).
Haunga te kaha, ka taea hoki e ngā hanganga nano te whakanui ake i te ātete ki te kakahu, te whakapai ake i te urupare ngenge, te whakarerekē i te kawe hiko/wera, me te awe i te tauhohenga o te mata. Nō reira, ko te mea nui ki ngā rauemi hanganga nano ehara i te mea ko te "iti" anake, engari ko te whakahaere: me whakarite te rahi, te tohatoha, te āhua, me te pumau o ngā hanganga nano kia rite ki te kaupapa.
Ko te mahi whakarewa hei "kaihoahoa" o ngā hanganga: mai i ngā tukanga ki ngā āhuatanga
Ka taea te tiro i te mahi whakarewa hou hei piriti i waenga i te tukanga–hanganga–āhuatanga–mahi. I roto i te horopaki o ngā hanganga nano, ko te mahi whakarewa te kawenga mō te whakatau i ngā tukanga whakaputa me ngā maimoatanga ka taea te hanga i ngā āhuatanga nano tonu. Kei roto i tēnei ko te mahi whakarewa ā-tinana (te matapaki i te hanganga tioata, ngā wāhanga, ngā panonitanga), te mahi whakarewa ā-pūkaha (te whakarerekētanga, te whakapakeketanga, te rahunga), me te mahi whakarewa tukanga (te whakarewa, te maka, te whakapūmau, te paninga, me ngā tikanga hanga matatau).
I roto i te whanaketanga o ngā rauemi nanostructured, ka uaua ake ngā wero whakarewa nā te nui o te aro o ngā rauemi iti ki te pāmahana, te tere whakamatao, te horapa ngota, me te kaha o te mata. He koretake te pāmahana o ngā hanganga nanodynamics; ka tere te tipu o ngā nanograins ina pāngia e te wera, ā, me whai rautaki hei "raka" i ngā hanganga nanostructures hei aukati i te tere o te tipu o te witi.
Ngā tikanga whakarewa mō te hanga hanganga nano
1. Te Hurihanga Kirihou Nui (SPD)
Ko tētahi huarahi nui i roto i te mahi whakarewa ko te whakapai ake i te rahi o te kōhatu mā te whakarerekētanga nui me te kore e tino whakarerekē i ngā inenga whakamutunga. Ko ngā tikanga SPD rongonui ko te Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP) me te High-Pressure Torsion (HPT). Mā ēnei tukanga ka akiakihia te konganuku kia pāngia e ngā taumahatanga nui, ka hanga he kōhatu iti ake te pai, ā, ka eke ki ngā rahi tino pai, ki ngā rahi nano rānei.
Ko te painga o te SPD he kaha ki te whakanui ake i te kaha me te kore e hiahiatia he koranu matatini. Heoi, ko ngā wero ko te whakahaere i te ōritetanga hanganga, ngā herenga rahi hua, me te pumau o te hanganga nano ina whakamahia te rauemi i ngā pāmahana teitei.
2. Ngā koranu hanga-nano mā te whakapakeketanga o te ua me te marara
Ka whakamahia e te mahi whakarewa koranu ngā matūriki—ngā matūriki tuarua-wāhanga i hangaia i te wā o ngā maimoatanga wera motuhake—hei whakanui ake i te kaha. I te nanoscale, ka taea e ngā matūriki tino pai me te tohatoha ōrite te aukati i te nekehanga nekehanga. Ko ētahi tauira ko ngā koranu konumohe raupapa 2xxx/7xxx, ngā superalloys rānei e hangai ana ki te nikara, ka taea e te pāmahana me te wā pakeke te whakaputa i ngā nanoprecipitates tino kaha.
Ko tētahi atu huarahi ko te whakakaha i te horapa o te waikura (ODS), e whakamahi ana i ngā matūriki waikura nanometer tino pumau hei whakapai ake i te kaha me te ātete ngokingoki i ngā pāmahana teitei. E whakaarohia whānuitia ana ngā rauemi ODS mō te pūngao me ngā tono taiao tino kino nā te mea ka whakaroahia e ngā nanodispersoids te nekehanga o te rohe witi me te aukati i te whakarerekētanga i ngā pāmahana teitei.
3. Te whakarewa paura me te whakakoi miihini
He mea nui te mahi whakarewa paura nā te mea ka taea te whakaputa i ngā hanganga pai mai i te tīmatanga. Ko tētahi tikanga matua ko te whakakoi ā-ringa, he tukanga mira pūngao-nui e whakaranu kaha ana i ngā paura whakarewa, e whakaoho ana i te whakarerekētanga auau, te whakarewa makariri, me te pakaru o ngā matūriki hei hanga paura me ngā hanganga tino pai, āhua kore-āhua rānei. Kātahi ka whakakorikoria, ka whakakīia rānei ēnei paura (hei tauira, mā te pēhi wera, HIP, SPS rānei) kia totoka ai.
Ko ōna painga ko te ngāwari o te hanganga (tae atu ki ngā koranu he uaua ki te hanga mā te rewa) me te kaha ki te whakaputa i ngā hanganga nano ōrite. Ko ngā wero ko te waikura paura, te poke mai i te papa huri, me te whakahaere i te porosity i te wā e whakahinuhinu ana.
4. Te paninga hanganga nano me te hangarau mata
He maha ngā whakamahinga e hiahia ana ki te mahi mata teitei—pērā i te waikura me te ātete ki te kakahu—me te kore e hiahiatia kia whakarerekē katoatia te rauemi. Ka tukuna e te mahi whakarewa mata ngā tikanga paninga pērā i te PVD/CVD, te whakanoho hiko, te rehu wera, me te nitriding me te carburizing kua whakarerekētia. Ka taea e ngā paninga nanocrystalline te whakanui ake i te pakeke, te whakaiti i te tauwehenga o te waku, me te whakarei ake i te ātete waikura.
Hei tāpiritanga, mā te hangarau mata ka taea te hanga i tētahi hanganga rerekē: he tino mārō te paparanga o waho (hanganga nano), ko te uho ia e mau tonu ana te ngāwari. He mea nui tēnei huarahi mō ngā wāhanga miihini pēnei i ngā toki, ngā taputapu, me ngā taputapu tapahi.
Te Āhuatanga: te whakarite kia tino hangaia ngā hanganga nano
Kāore e taea te wehewehe i te whanaketanga o ngā rauemi nanostructured mai i ngā tikanga whakaahuatanga matatau. Ka whakamahia e te mahi whakarewa:
– SEM/TEM hei tirotiro i te rahi o te kōpura, ngā matū nanoprecipitates, me ngā hapa tioata.
– XRD hei tautuhi i ngā āhua, ngā ahotea toenga, me te rahi o te tioata.
– EBSD hei mahere i te whakatakotoranga tioata me te tohatoha rohe witi.
– APT (Atom Probe Tomography) hei tiro i te tohatoha o ngā ngota me ngā matū i runga i te tauine ngota.
Ki te kore he whakaahuatanga, ka noho ko te tukanga he "whakamātautau me te hapa" noa iho. Mā te whakaahuatanga, ka taea te mahere pūtaiao me te arotau i ngā whanaungatanga tukanga-hanganga-āhuatanga.
Ngā wero matua: te pumau o te wera me te tauine ahumahi
Ahakoa he nui ngā whakapainga o ngā hanganga nano, e rua ngā wero nui ka ara ake. Tuatahi ko te pumau o te hanganga nano. He nui ngā kaha rohe o te witi i ngā rahi iti rawa o te witi; ina werahia te rauemi, ka tipu ngā witi, ka whakaiti i te kaha. Hei whakatika i tēnei, kua whakawhanakehia e te mahi whakarewa ngā rautaki pēnei i te tāpiri i ngā huānga whakarewa hei aukati i te hekenga o te rohe witi, te hanganga o ngā matū e "whakapiri" ana i ngā rohe witi (te whakapiri Zener), me te hoahoa tika o ngā huringa maimoatanga wera.
Ko te wero tuarua ko te kaha ki te whakawhanui. He maha ngā tikanga hanga-nano e tino pai ana i roto i te taiwhanga engari he uaua ki te whakatinana mō te hanga papatipu nā te utu, te tere whakaputa, te rahi rānei. Ko te arotahi o ngā rangahau o nāianei ko te hanga i te tukanga kia hototahi ki te hanga hou—tae atu ki te whakauru ki te hanga tāpiri (te tānga 3D whakarewa) ka taea te hanga i ngā hanganga moroiti tino pai mā roto i ngā tere whakamatao teitei, ka whakauhia mā te maimoatanga wera anō.
Ngā Whakamahinga: mai i te kawe waka ki te pūngao me te rongoā koiora
He kaha tō ngā rauemi nanostructured ki te whakarerekē i ngā momo rāngai. I roto i ngā ahumahi motuka me te rererangi, ka taea e ngā koranu nanostructured te whakaiti i te taumaha o te waka me te kore e whakararu i te kaha me te haumaru. I roto i te rāngai pūngao, he mea nui ngā rauemi ODS me ētahi atu nanostructures mō ngā tono pāmahana teitei, ngā tāpine, me ngā wāhanga tauhohenga. I roto i ngā hikohiko, ka taea e ngā nanolayers me ngā hanganga pai te awe i te kawe hiko me te pono o te hononga. Ahakoa i roto i te rongoā koiora, ka taea e ngā mata nanostructured i runga i ngā whakaurunga te whakapai ake i te whakaurunga kiko mā te whakahaere i te taratara me te pūngao o te mata.
Te Katinga
Ko te hangarau whakarewa i roto i te whanaketanga o ngā rauemi nano-hanganga he tauira pai o te hurihanga o te pūtaiao tawhito ki te hangarau ā-muri. Mā te whakahaere i te whakarewatanga, te whakarerekētanga, te maimoatanga wera, te hangarau whakarewa paura, me ngā tukanga hangarau mata, ka taea e ngā tohunga whakarewa te "hanga" i ngā hanganga o roto tae noa ki te nano-tauine, ka hangaia he rauemi me te mahi kāore i taea i mua. Kei te mau tonu ngā wero mō te pumau me te whakaputa papatipu, engari he mārama te ahunga whanaketanga: ka noho ngā rauemi nano-hanganga hei turanga nui mō ngā hangarau whai hua ake, roa ake, me te pumau.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te whakarerekē i tēnei tuhinga ki tētahi momo tuhinga mātauranga ake (me ngā tohutoro), ka tāpirihia rānei ētahi wāhanga motuhake pēnei i te nanograins vs. nanoprecipitates, te whanaungatanga Hall–Petch, ngā rangahau take rānei mō ngā koranu motuhake (Al, Ti, Ni, maitai).
