Te Tukanga Whakaoti Mata i runga i te Mea Whakarewa
Ko te whakaoti mata o te konganuku he raupapa tukanga e mahia ana hei whakapai ake i te āhua o te mata i muri i te hanganga, te miihini, te whakarewa, te whakarewa rānei. Ko te whāinga matua ehara i te mea kia ātaahua ake te āhua o te konganuku, kia kanapa ake hoki, engari kia whakanui ake hoki i te ātete ki te waikura, kia whakaiti i te waku, kia whakapai ake i ngā āhuatanga ngenge, kia whakanui ake i te piri o te peita, te paninga rānei, me te whakatutuki i ētahi paerewa kounga i roto i te umanga hanga. I roto i te mahi, ka uru pea ki te whakaoti ngā tikanga miihini, matū, hikohiko, paninga rānei. Ko te whiriwhiri tikanga e whakawhirinaki ana ki te momo konganuku, ngā whakaritenga mahi o te wāhanga, te utu, me te taiao mahi o te wāhanga.
1. He aha te hiranga o te whakaotinga o te mata?
Ko ngā mata whakarewa ngā wāhanga e tino taunekeneke ana ki te taiao—te hau, te wai, ngā matū, ngā kawenga waku, me te pa atu ki ētahi atu wāhanga. Ka taea e ngā mata taratara te noho hei tīmatanga mō ngā kapiti, te hopu i ngā poke, te whakateretere i te waikura, te whakararuraru rānei i te kakahu. I roto i ngā wāhanga tino tika pērā i ngā toki, ngā takirere, ngā pokepokea ai, ngā wāhanga mīhini hurihuri rānei, ka pā te kounga o te mata ki te mahi me te roa o te ratonga. I tua atu, i roto i ngā hua kaihoko pērā i ngā taputapu whare, ngā taputapu motuka, ngā taonga whakarewa rānei, he mea nui anō hoki te whakaotinga ki te ataahua me te kounga e kitea ana.
Ko te whakaotinga te wāhanga whakamutunga, e whakatau ana mēnā ka tutuki i tētahi hua ngā whakaritenga mō te taratara (Ra), te kanapa, te tae, te matotoru o te paninga, te ātete rānei ki te waikura pērā i te whakamātautau rehu tote. Nō reira, he wāhanga nui te whakaotinga o te whakahaere kounga i roto i ngā ahumahi motuka, rererangi, kaipuke, hanga, me te hikohiko.
2. Wāhanga whakarite: te horoi me te whakatikatika
I mua i te whakaotinga o te mahi matua, me whakarite te mata kia ōrite, kia pakari hoki te whakaotinga. Ko te wāhanga whakarite ko:
– Te tango hinu (te tango hinu/ngako): Te whakamahi i ngā whakarewa, i ngā hopi horoi kawakore, i ngā kaihoroi wai rānei hei tango i ngā hinu miihini, te ngako, me te paru rauropi.
– Te tango i te unahi waikura: Mō te maitai, mō te kowiri tira rānei, ka whakamahia e te tango he otinga waikawa hei tango i te unahi, te waikura, ngā waikura rānei e puta mai ana i te whakarewa me te whakamahana.
– Te horoi me te whakamaroke: He mea tino nui te horoi hei ārai i te whakawhiti poke i waenga i ngā tāke tukatuka.
– Te whakahohenga mata: Ka mahia te wāhanga whakahohenga kia piri pūmau te paparanga e whai ake nei, hei tauira mā te whakairo mārama, mā te whakamahi rānei i tētahi whakahohenga motuhake.
– Te Ārai: Ko ngā wāhanga kāore e tika kia pania me hipoki ki te rīpene, ki te ārai rānei kia tika ai ngā ine.
Ko te kore whakarite pai te tino take o ngā hapa whakaotinga, pērā i te peita e tihore ana, te whakakikorua e pupuhi ana, te papaki rānei o ngā mata.
3. Te whakaotinga ā-mīhini: te whakangawari me te hanganga kakano
Ka whakarerekētia e ngā tikanga miihini ngā mata mā te pā ā-tinana, mā te pānga rānei. Ko ētahi o ngā tikanga noa ko:
a) Te huri me te whakakanapa
– Te huri mā te whakamahi i te kōhatu huri, i te whitiki whakakoi rānei hei whakangawari i te mata, hei tango hoki i ngā tohu tapahi, i ngā hononga whakarewa rānei.
– Ko te whāinga o te whakakanapa he whakaputa i tētahi mata maeneene ake, he kanapa ake mā te whakamahi i ngā mea whakakoi pai me ngā matū whakakanapa.
E whakamahia whānuitia ana tēnei tikanga i roto i te maitai kore waikura whakapaipai, i ngā wāhanga motuka, me ngā hua e tino hiahiatia ana te āhua.
b) Te oro me te whakakoi
Ko te whakakoi te wāhanga whakawhiti mai i te papatahi ki te papatahi i mua i te whakakoi. Ka whakamahia he wira kakahu me te whakapiri whakakoi hei whakarei ake i te kanapa. Ka taea te hua he "whakaoti whakaata" mēnā ka ata mahia, ka ata tupato hoki.
c) Te pupuhi (te pupuhi onepu, te pupuhi kirikiri, te pupuhi pupuhi)
Ko te pupuhi he pupuhi i ngā mea whakakoi ki tētahi mata mā te whakamahi i te hau kōpeke, i te wira pupuhi rānei. Ko te kaupapa pea:
– te horoi i te waikura me te peita tawhito,
– ka hangaia he āhua taratara kia piri pai ai te peita/epoxy,
– ka puta he kakano matte.
He rerekē ngā momo rauemi pupuhi, tae atu ki te onepu silica (kua whakawhāitihia haeretia nā ngā āwangawanga hauora), te karaneti, te kirikiri maitai, te pupuhi maitai, ngā piripiri karāhe rānei. Ko te pupuhi peening, he momo pupuhi, ka whakamahia hoki hei whakapai ake i te ātete ki te ngenge mā te hanga i te ahotea toenga pēhi ki runga i te mata.
d) Te whakaoti me te hurihanga wiri
Ka whāngaihia ngā wāhanga iti ki roto i tētahi mīhini wiri me ngā rauemi (uku/kirihou) me te matū. He whai hua tēnei tukanga mō te tango i ngā koki, te whakangawari i ngā kokonga, me te whakatutuki i tētahi whakaotinga ōrite mō te hanga papatipu.
4. Te whakaoti matū me te hurihanga mata
Ko te whakaotinga matū e uru ana ki ngā tauhohenga matū e whakarerekē ana i te paparanga o waho o te mata whakarewa.
a) Te whakapūhautanga
He whānuitia te whakamahinga o te paninga phosphate ki te maitai i mua i te peita, ā, ka whakapai ake i te ātete ki te waikura me te piri o te peita. I roto i te umanga motuka, he mea nui te phosphate i mua i te paninga-e, te paninga-runga rānei.
b) Te hurihanga o te kōromati (ki te konumohe me te konutea)
Mā tēnei tikanga ka puta he paninga whakawhiti e whakapai ake ana i te ātete ki te waikura, ā, he turanga pai hoki mō te peita. Heoi, kei te piki haere te whakawhāititanga o te whakamahinga o te chromium hexavalent (Cr6+) nā ngā āhuatanga taiao, ā, he maha ngā ahumahi e tahuri ana ki ngā momo whakakapinga trivalent, ki ngā pūnaha kore-chromium rānei.
c) Te whakangāwari i runga i te maitai kore waikura
Mā te whakakorekore ka āwhina i te hanga anō i te paparanga waikura tiaki (waikura konupora) i runga i te maitai kore waikura i muri i te tukanga hanga, ā, ka whakanui ake i te ātete ki te waikura, inā koa i roto i ngā tono kai, rongoā, me ngā taputapu hauora.
d) Waikura pango
Ka hangaia e te waikura pango he paparanga pango angiangi ki runga i te maitai, e whakarato ana i te āhua pōuri me te tiaki i te waikura ngawari (me te hinu/ware pi tāpiri). He pai mō ngā wāhanga miihini, ngā pūtu, me ngā taputapu.
5. Whakaoti hikohiko: te whakakikorua me te whakakanapa hikohiko
a) Te whakakikorua hiko (paninga hiko)
Ko te whakakikorua hiko he paninga i tētahi konganuku ki tētahi atu mā te whakamahi i te iahiko hiko i roto i tētahi otinga irahiko. Ko ētahi tauira o ngā paninga noa ko:
– Whakakikoruatia te konutea: he ārai i te waikura ki te maitai, he maha ngā wā ka tāpirihia he matū kore e uru.
– Te whakakikorua nikara: ka whakanui ake i te ātete ki te kakahu, ā, ka kanapa.
– Whakakikoruatia ki te kōrome: hei ātete ki te kakahu me te āhua kanapa (e whakamahia ana hoki te kōrome mārō i roto i te ahumahi).
– Whakakikorua parahi: paparanga turanga, hei whakapūmau rānei i te kawe hiko.
Ko te whakahaere o te tukanga whakakikorua ka whakatauhia nuitia e te ma o te mata, ngā tawhā o ia au, te pH, te pāmahana, me te wā rumaki. Me tutuki te matotoru o te paninga i ngā whakaritenga nā te mea ka pā ki ngā inenga whakamutunga.
b) Te whakakanapa hiko
Ko te ritenga kē o te whakakikorua hiko: ka "rewa" te mata i roto i te tikanga whakahaere kia tere ake te tango i ngā tihi taratara i ngā awaawa. Ko te mutunga mai he mata maeneene ake, he kanapa ake, he ma ake hoki. He rongonui te whakakikorua hiko i runga i te maitai kore waikura mō ngā ahumahi kai, rongoā, me te haurua-irahiko nā te mea ka āwhina i te whakaiti i te piri o ngā poke me ngā huakita.
6. Paninga hei tiaki me te ātaahua
a) Te peita me te paninga paura
He whānui te whakamahinga o te peita wai nā te mea he ngāwari te tae me ngā tikanga paninga (rehu, tō, roera). Ka whakamahia e te paninga paura te paura hiko ka tunua (whakamaroke). E mōhiotia ana te paninga paura mō tōna paninga matotoru, ātete ki te rakuraku, me tōna āhua pai ki te taiao nā te mea he iti noa te whakamahinga o te whakarewa.
b) Te whakapūmau (te whakapūmau wera-tuku)
Ka toua te rino ki roto i te konutea rewa hei hanga i tētahi paninga konutea-rino kaha. He pai mō ngā hanganga o waho pērā i ngā taiapa, ngā pou, ngā piriti, me ngā mahi hanga nā te mea he tino ātete ki te waikura.
c) Te whakakorikori i runga i te konumohe
Mā te whakaanoti ka hangaia he paparanga matotoru, mārō o te waikura konumohe mā te tukanga hikohiko. Haunga te whakanui ake i te ātete ki te waikura me te kakahu, ka taea e te whakaanoti te hanga tae whakapaipai (mārama, mangu, tae atu rānei). He whānuitia te whakamahinga i roto i ngā wāhanga motuka, ngā hoahoanga, me ngā hua hiko.
d) Paninga PVD me CVD
Ko ngā paninga korehau pērā i te PVD (Physical Vapor Deposition) ka puta he paninga angiangi engari he tino mārō, pērā i te TiN, TiAlN, DLC rānei. He mea whakamahi noa ēnei ki ngā taputapu, ki ngā taha tapahi, ki ngā pokepokea ai, me ngā wāhanga he iti te waku me te ātete ki te kakahu.
7. Ngā tawhā kounga me te tirotiro
Ko te angitu o tētahi whakaotinga ehara i te mea ko tōna āhua anake te mea e whakatauhia ana, engari ko ōna raraunga hangarau anō hoki. Ko ētahi o ngā tawhā e whakamatautauria ana ko:
– Te taratara (Ra/Rz): inehia ki te inenga kōtaha.
– Te matotoru o te paninga: mā te whakamahi i te ine matotoru (aukume/au hurihuri) te tikanga whakangaro rānei.
– Te piri: whakamātautau tapahi whakawhiti, whakamātautau kukume rānei.
– Ātete ki te waikura: te rehu tote, te whakamātautau haumākū, te waikura hurihuri.
– Te pakeke me te ātete ki te kakahu: inā koa mō te paninga mārō, te whakakikorua rānei.
Hei tāpiritanga, he mea nui anō hoki ngā whakahaere horoi, te whakahaere i muri i te whakaotinga, me te rokiroki. Ka pakaru pea te mata pai i ngā karawarawa, i te poke rānei i mua i te taenga atu ki te kaihoko.
8. Whakamutunga
He wāhanga nui o te hanga hou te whakaotinga mata whakarewa, e pā ana ki te ātete ki te waikura, te mahi ā-mīhini, te ataahua, me te roa o te oranga o te hua. He whānuitanga o ngā tikanga e wātea ana—mai i te whakaotinga ā-mīhini pēnei i te huri me te pupuhi, ngā tukanga matū pēnei i te whakakorenga me te whakapūtātanga, ngā tikanga hikohiko pēnei i te whakakikorua hiko me te whakakanapa hiko, ki ngā paninga hou pēnei i te paninga paura, te whakakanapa, me te PVD. Ko te kī ki te whakaotinga angitu kei roto i te whiriwhiri i te tikanga tika mō te mahi a te wāhanga, te kounga o te whakarite mata, te whakahaere i ngā tawhā tukanga, me te tirotiro i ngā hua. Mā te whakamahere me te whakahaere tika, ka taea e te whakaotinga te whakanui ake i te uara me te pono o ngā hua whakarewa.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te whakarite i tēnei tuhinga ki tētahi horopaki motuhake—hei tauira, inā koa te maitai waro, te maitai kore waikura, te konumohe, ngā hiahia ahumahi motuhake rānei (motuka, hanga, kai/rongoā)—me te tāpiri i ngā whakaahua rere o te tukanga me tētahi ripanga whakatairite o ngā tikanga whakaoti.
