Te Pānga o ngā Huānga Whakakotahi ki ngā Āhuatanga Hangarau o ngā Konganuku
Kāore i te maha ngā wā ka whakamahia tika ngā konganuku parakore i roto i ngā mahi hangarau e hiahia ana ki te kaha nui, te ātete ki te kakahu, te pakari rānei i raro i ngā āhuatanga tino kino. Hei tauira, he māmā te konumohe parakore, ā, he ātete ki te waikura, engari he ngawari noa iho. He ngāwari te whakakorikori i te rino parakore, engari he iti noa iho tōna kaha. Nō reira, tata tonu te whakamahi a te umanga i ngā koranu konganuku, arā, he konganuku turanga i konatunatua ki ētahi atu huānga i roto i ngā ōwehenga motuhake hei whakatutuki i tētahi huinga āhuatanga pai ake. Ka kiia ēnei huānga tāpiri he huānga koranu, ā, he nui te awe o ēnei ki ngā āhuatanga miihini—pērā i te kaha kume, te pakeke, te ngāwari, te pakari, te ātete ki te ngenge, me te ātete ki te kakahu.
Ariā taketake: he aha i whakarerekē ai ngā āhuatanga ā-pūkaha o ngā huānga whakarewa?
Ko ngā āhuatanga ā-pūkaha o ngā konganuku ka whakatauhia e ō rātou hanganga moroiti: te rahi o te kōpura, te momo me te maha o ngā āhua, te tohatoha o ngā matūriki, me te aroaro o ngā hapa karaihe pēnei i te nekehanga. Ka awe ngā huānga whakarewa i ēnei āhuatanga mā roto i ētahi tikanga matua:
1. Te whakapakari i te otinga totoka
Ka taea e ngā ngota huānga whakarewa te whakakapi i ngā ngota whakarewa turanga (whakakapinga) te whakakī rānei i ngā āputa i waenga i ngā ngota (interstitial). Ka puta he hapa whatunga i ngā rerekētanga o te rahi ngota me te hononga matū e aukati ana i te nekehanga nekehanga. Ka hua ake tēnei i te kaha me te pakeke, engari ka heke te ngāwari.
2. Te whakapakeketanga o te ua (te whakapakeketanga o te koroheketanga)
I roto i ētahi koranu, ka puta he matūriki parapara angiangi i te maimoatanga wera (hei tauira, Al-Cu, Al-Mg-Si rānei). Ka mahi ēnei parapara hei "ārai" ki ngā nekehanga, ka tino whakanui ake i te kaha.
3. Te whakapakari mā te hanganga o ngā āhua mārō (hei tauira, ngā warowaihā, ngā nitride, ngā mea whakarewa)
Ko ngā huānga pēnei i te Cr, V, W, me te Mo ka hanga i ngā warowaiha mārō i roto i te maitai. Ka whakanui ake ēnei āhua mārō i te mārō me te ātete ki te kakahu, engari ka taea te whakaiti i te pakari mēnā he nui rawa, he koretake rānei te tohatoha.
4. Te whakapai ake i te witi
Ka taea e ētahi huānga, ngā tukanga whakarewa rānei te whakaputa i ngā konganuku pai ake. Ko ngā konganuku pai ake ka whakanui ake i te kaha me te pakari o te hua.
5. Ngā panonitanga o te hoahoa ā-wāhanga me te āheinga ki te tukatuka wera
Ka taea e ngā huānga whakarewa te whakau i ētahi āhua, te neke i te pāmahana whakawhiti, me te whakanui ake i te pakari. Hei tauira, i roto i te maitai, mā te tāpiri i ētahi huānga ka taea te hanga martensite ahakoa kāore i te tino tere te whakamatao.
Te pānga o ngā huānga whakarewa ki te maitai: ngā tauira tino whānui
Ko te rino te pūnaha koranu tino noa, nā te mea ka taea e ngā panonitanga iti o te ihirangi huānga te whakaputa i ngā rerekētanga nui o ngā āhuatanga hangarau.
1. Waro (C)
Ko te waro te huānga whakarewa tino nui i roto i te maitai. Ka whakanui ake i te kaha me te pakeke mā te hanganga o te simentite (Fe₃C) me te kaha ki te hanga martensite i muri i te whakapakeketanga.
– Kaha me te mārō: ka piki ake i te pikinga o te ihirangi C.
– Te uaua me te pakari: ka heke te kaha ina teitei rawa te C.
– Ātete kakahu: kua piki ake nā te mārō o te wāhanga.
He ngāwari ake te whakarewa i te maitai waro-iti, ā, he māmā ake te whakarewa, ko te maitai waro-nui ia he mārō ake engari he pakarukaru ake.
2. Manganēhi (Mn)
Ka whakanui ake te konupūmā i te kaha mā te wai totoka, ā, ka āwhina i te here i te whanariki hei hanga MnS (ka whakaiti i te poto o te wera).
– Kaha me te pakari: kua piki ake.
– Te Pakari: ka taea te piki ake i ngā taumata taurite, engari i ngā taumata tiketike me whakahaere te hanganga moroiti.
3. Konukōmiuma (Kr)
Ko te chrome te mea e mōhiotia whānuitia ana i roto i te kowiri tira, engari e whakamahia whānuitia ana hoki mō tōna kaha me tōna ātete ki te pakaru.
– Te ātete ki te kakahu me te pakeketanga: ka piki ake mā te hanganga o ngā warowaiha Cr mārō.
– Te pakeketanga: ka piki ake, ka taea ai te pakeketanga o ngā tapahanga matotoru ake.
– Te ātete ki te waikura: ka piki ake ina tino teitei (ko te tikanga he ≥ ~10,5% i roto i te kowiri tira) nā te hanganga o tētahi paparanga kore mahi o te Cr₂O₃.
– Mōrearea: ka taea e te nui rawa o ngā warowaihā te whakaiti i te pakari.
4. Nikara (Ni)
He tino pai te nikara hei whakarei ake i te pakari, inā koa i ngā pāmahana iti.
– Te pakari me te ngāwari: ka piki ake, ka āwhina ki te ārai i te whati pakarukaru.
– Kaha: ka piki ake, engari ka mau tonu te pakari.
– Whakamahinga: Te maitai koranu Ni mō ngā kaipuke, ngā tāke cryogenic me ngā wāhanga e hiahia ana kia pakari rawa.
5. Molibdenuma (Mo)
E whakamahia whānuitia ana te molybdenum mō ngā mahi pāmahana tiketike, hei ātete hoki ki te whakangawari.
– Kaha i ngā pāmahana teitei: kua piki ake (he pai ake te ātete ki te ngokingoki).
– Te pakeketanga: kua piki ake.
– Ātete ki te pakarukaru o te āhua: Ka taea e te Mo te whakaiti i te āhua o te pakarukaru i muri i te whakapakeketanga i ētahi awhe pāmahana.
6. Vanadium (V), Niobium (Nb), Titanium (Ti)
He whai hua ēnei huānga whakakoi-moroiti ahakoa he iti ngā kukū. Ka hangaia e rātou he waroiti/nitride pai, ā, ka whakapai ake i te kakano.
– Te kaha o te hua: i tino piki ake mā te whakamahine i ngā matūriki me te whakatikatika o te kōrari.
– Manawanui: ka noho pai tonu mēnā ka tika te whakahaere i ngā tukanga.
– Whakamahinga: Rino HSLA (High Strength Low Alloy) mō ngā hanganga.
7. Hiraka (Si)
He mea tango paitini te silicon, ā, he mea whakakaha hoki i ngā wairewa totoka.
– Kaha: kua piki ake.
– Te ātete ki te waikura: kua piki ake i raro i ētahi āhuatanga.
– Kia mōhio: ka pā te nui o te Si ki te ngāwari me te kaha hanga.
Te pānga o ngā huānga whakarewa ki ngā whakarewa konumohe
He tino aro te konumohe ki te whakakaha o te ua. Nō reira, ko te huānga whakarewa matua, ko te Al, kua hangaia hei hanga i ngā ua pai mā te maimoatanga otinga me te pakeketanga.
– Parahi (Cu): ka whakanui ake i te kaha teitei (raupapa 2xxx) mā te ua, engari ka heke pea te ātete ki te waikura.
– Konupora (Mg): ka whakanui ake i te kaha me te ātete ki te waikura; ka hangaia te Mg₂Si me te Si (raupapa 6xxx) e whakataurite ana i te kaha me te ngāwari o te tukatuka.
– Konutea (Zn) + Mg (me te Cu anō hoki): ka puta he koranu tino kaha (raupapa 7xxx), he mea rongonui i roto i te ao rererangi, engari ko ētahi hanganga ka ngawari ki te pakaru waikura ahotea (SCC) ā, me whakahaere te wera me te tiaki.
– Te Hiraka (Si): ka āwhina i te kaha whakarewa, ā, mā te Mg ka tautoko i te ua.
I roto i te konumohe, ko te kaha ake ka "whakaea" e te ngoikore o te ngāwari, me te aro nui ki te waikura i roto i ētahi huinga huānga.
Te pānga o ngā huānga whakarewa ki ngā whakarewa parahi me te titanium (he tirohanga poto)
I roto i ngā koranu parahi, mā te tāpiri o te Zn (parahi) ka kaha ake te kaha me te ngāwari o te tukatuka, ko te Sn (parahi) ka kaha ake te ātete ki te kakahu me te ātete ki te waikura. Heoi, ko ngā huānga koranu teitei ake ka whakaiti i te kawe hiko/wera—he ngoikoretanga nui tēnei i roto i ngā wāhanga hiko.
I roto i ngā koranu titanium, ka whakaūngia e ngā huānga pēnei i te Al te āhua alpha, ko te V me te Mo ia ka whakaūngia e te āhua beta. Ko ngā koranu alpha-beta (hei tauira, Ti-6Al-4V) he huinga o te kaha teitei, te pakari, me te ātete ki te waikura, me te iti o te taumaha motuhake. Ko ngā āhuatanga hangarau o te titanium e whakawhirinaki nui ana ki ngā āhua i hangaia me te maimoatanga wera.
Te whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā huānga whakarewa me ngā āhuatanga matua o te miihini
Anei tētahi whakarāpopototanga o ngā whanaungatanga e kitea pinepinetia ana:
– Te kaha kume/te kaha tuku: ka piki ake i te nuinga o te wā me te wai totoka, te ua, ngā kirikiri angiangi, me ngā āhua mārō.
– Te pakeketanga: ka piki ake me te martensite (i roto i te maitai), ngā matūriki, me ngā carbides/nitrides.
– Te Pakari: ka heke te kaha i te pikinga ake o te kaha/pakeke, engari ka taea e ngā huānga pēnei i te Ni te pupuri i te pakari.
– Te pakari o te pānga: ka pāngia e te rahi o te kōhao, te tohatoha o te āhua mārō, me te aroaro o ngā whakaurunga; he āwhina te Ni me te whakamahine o te kōhao.
– Te ātete ki te ngenge: ka piki ake me te hanganga moroiti ōrite, ngā whakaurunga iti, me te kaha ake; heoi, ka kino ake ngā putunga taratara/ngā kapiti moroiti.
– Ātete kakahu: ka piki ake me ngā warowaiha mārō, te martensite me te mārō pai o te mata.
Te Katinga
Ko ngā huānga whakarewa he "taputapu hangarau" matua i roto i te mahi whakarewa hei whakarite i ngā āhuatanga miihini o ngā konganuku kia rite ki ngā hiahia tono. Mā te whiriwhiri i te momo me te kukū o ngā huānga, kātahi ka whakahaere i ngā tukanga pēnei i te maimoatanga wera, te tinei, me te whakahaere hanganga moroiti, ka taea e ngā kaihangarau te whakaputa rauemi he māmā engari he kaha, he mārō engari he pakari, he ātete ki te kakahu, ā, ka mahi i ngā pāmahana teitei. Heoi, ko te whakapainga o ngā āhuatanga he maha ngā wā ka puta mai he taupatupatu: ka taea e te kaha ake te whakaiti i te ngāwari, ka taea e te whakapakari i te ua te whakanui ake i te mōrearea o ētahi waikura, ā, ka taea e ngā wāhanga whakapakeke te whakaiti i te pakari mena kāore e whakahaeretia. Nō reira, ko te hoahoa whakarewa he taurite tonu i waenga i te hanganga, te tukanga, me ngā tono mahi mara.
