Ngā Wāhanga o te Hanga Kowiri tira
Ko te rino kore waikura he whānau rauemi rino e mōhiotia ana mō tōna ātete ki te waikura, tōna kaha miihini pai, me te ngāwari o te tiaki. Ko ōna āhuatanga "ātete ki te waikura" i ahu mai i te nui o te chromium (Cr), e hanga ana i tētahi paparanga angiangi o te chromium oxide i runga i te mata o te rino. Ka tiakina e tēnei paparanga te konganuku mai i te waikura anō, ka ārai i a ia kei waikura ahakoa i roto i ngā taiao makuku, i ngā taiao pukuriri rānei. I muri i tōna mahi, ka pāngia te rino kore waikura e tētahi tukanga whakaputa roa me te pakari kia tutuki ai ngā whakaritenga o tōna hanganga matū, te parakore o te konganuku, me tōna hanganga moroiti. E whai ake nei ngā whakaahuatanga o ngā wāhanga o te whakaputanga rino kore waikura, mai i te rauemi mata ki te hua kua oti.
1. Te Kōwhiringa o ngā Rauemi Mata me te Whakamahere Hanganga
Ka tīmata te wāhanga tuatahi mā te whakatau i te momo maitai kore waikura hei hanga, hei tauira, te austenitic (pēnei i te raupapa 304/316), te ferritic (raupapa 430), te martensitic (raupapa 410), ki te duplex (huinga austenitic-ferritic). Mā te whiriwhiringa o tēnei momo ka whakatau i te hanganga koranu e hiahiatia ana: te chromium hei huānga matua (ko te nuinga he 10,5% pea hei hanga i tētahi paparanga kore mahi), te nickel hei whakau i te wāhanga austenite me te whakanui ake i te ngāwari, te molybdenum hei ātete ki te waikura (ina koa i roto i te 316), me ētahi atu huānga pēnei i te manganese, te silicon, te hauota, te titanium, te niobium rānei mō ngā kaupapa motuhake.
Ko ngā rauemi mata ka uru atu ki te konganuku para (para kowiri tira), te para waro maitai, te ferrochrome (he koranu Fe-Cr), te ferronickel, te nikara parakore rānei, te ferromolybdenum, me ngā mea here waro me ngā mea tango waikura. He maha ngā mira kowiri tira hou e whakawhirinaki nui ana ki ngā para nā te mea he pai ake te penapena pūngao, ā, e tautoko ana i te ōhanga porowhita. Heoi, me whakahaere te kounga o te para kia kore ai e "paru" te hanganga (hei tauira, te parahi nui rawa, ētahi atu paru rānei).
2. Te whakarewa i roto i te oumu hiko (EAF)
Ko te nuinga o te maitai kore waikura ka hangaia mā te whakamahi i te oumu hiko āwhata (EAF). I roto i te EAF, ka tukuna he ranunga o te para me te koranu ki roto i te oumu, ā, ka rewahia e te wera o te hiko āwhata ngaohiko teitei. Ka waimeha te konganuku i tēnei wāhanga, ka tīmata te whakatakoto i tōna hanganga matū. I te wā e rewa ana, ka tāpirihia e te kaiwhakahaere he rere (hei tauira, te raima/dolomite) hei āwhina i te hanga i te para e mau ana i ētahi poke.
Ko te whakahaere tukanga i roto i te EAF ko te pāmahana, te wā rewa, me te tātari matū tuatahi. Ko ngā hua EAF kāore e tutuki i ngā whakaritenga whakamutunga nā te mea me whakamahine anō - ina koa hei whakahaere i ngā taumata waro, whanariki, me te whākōkī, me te arotau i te ihirangi chromium me te nikara.
3. Whakama: AOD, VOD rānei
Kia rite te konganuku wai mai i te EAF, ka nekehia ki te wāhanga whakamahine tuarua, mā te whakamahi i te AOD (Argon Oxygen Decarburization) me te VOD (Vacuum Oxygen Decarburization) rānei.
AOD (Te Whakakore Waro o te Hāora Ākona)
I roto i te AOD, ka pupuhihia he ranunga o te hāora me te argon ki roto i te konganuku rewa. Ka āwhina te hāora ki te whakapūkara i te waro (te tango i te waro), ka whakaiti i te nui o te waro. Ka whakapūkara te argon i te hau, ka whakatairanga i tētahi tauhohenga whiriwhiri ake, ka ārai i te nui rawa o te whakapūkara chromium. He mea nui te wāhanga AOD nā te mea he iti te nui o te waro e hiahiatia ana e te maitai kore waikura hei ārai i te maturuturunga o ngā waro chromium, ka taea te whakaiti i te ātete ki te waikura (te arotau), inā koa i roto i ētahi whakamahinga.
VOD (Te Whakakorenga Waro o te Hāora Korehau)
He rite tonu te kaupapa o te VOD, engari ka mahia i raro i te korehau. Ka āwhina te korehau ki te whakaheke i te pēhanga wāhanga o te hau hauota waro, ka taea ai te mahi whakaheke waro kia pai te haere i tētahi pāmahana motuhake. He maha ngā wā ka whiriwhiria te VOD mō ngā momo e hiahia ana ki te whakahaere waro iti rawa, ki te whakahaere hau rewa kaha ake rānei.
I tēnei wāhanga whakamahine, ka mahia anō hoki ngā whakarerekētanga ki te hanganga whakamutunga: te tāpiri i te nikara, te molibdenum, te hauota, ngā huānga whakau rānei pērā i te titanium/niobium e ai ki te taumata e hiahiatia ana.
4. Maimoatanga koko: Te tango i te waikura, te tango i te whanariki, me te whakakotahitanga
I mua i te whakarewatanga, ka taea te tukatuka anō i te konganuku rewa i roto i te koko. Ko ngā mahi ko:
– Te tango waikura, te whakaiti i te hāora rewa hei ārai i te whakaurunga o te waikura.
– Te tango i te whanariki, ka whakaiti i te whanariki ka hua ake te poto o te wera me te pakari.
– Te whakaoho i te haukini hei whakataurite i te hanganga me te pāmahana, hei āwhina hoki i te mānu o ngā mea whakauru ki te para.
He mea tino nui te ma o te maitai kore waikura, inā koa mō ngā mahi e hiahia ana kia ātete nui ki te waikura, kia pai te āhua o te mata, kia uaua rānei te hanga.
5. Te Maka: Te Maka Tonu, te Maka Ingota rānei
Ko te konganuku rewa kua tae ki te hanganga e hiahiatia ana ka ringihia ki te āhua totoka mā te tukanga whakarewa. Ko te tikanga tino noa i ēnei rā ko te whakarewa tonu, arā, ka rere te konganuku rewa i roto i te pokepokea wai-whakamatao ka mārō haere hei hanga i te pereti (mō te pepa konganuku), te puāwai, te papa rānei (mō te tokotoko me te waea). He pai ake te whakarewa tonu, he rite tonu, ā, he whakaiti i ngā hapa i te whakarewa ingot tuku iho.
Heoi, mō ētahi hiahia motuhake, ka whakamahia tonutia ngā poro whakarewa, kātahi ka tukatukahia anō mā te whakamahana me te hanga/huri tuatahi.
6. Te Whakamahana Anō me te Mahi Wera
Kātahi ka whakamahanatia anō ngā hua whakarewa, pērā i ngā pereti, ki roto i te oumu whakamahana kia tae ki te pāmahana e tika ana i mua i te hurihanga wera. I roto i te tukanga hurihanga wera, ka pēhia te pereti mā roto i ngā tūāpapa hurihanga, ka whakaitihia tōna matotoru, ka whakanuia hoki tōna roa. Mā te hurihanga wera ka hangaia te hanganga tuatahi, ka whakatikahia ētahi porowhita, ā, ka puta he hua haurua-oti pērā i te koiri, te pereti rānei kua hurihia wera.
Nā te mea he rerekē te whanonga whakarerekētanga me te kawe wera o te kowiri tira i te maitai waro, he mea nui te whakahaere pāmahana me te tere hurihuri hei karo i ngā kapiti wera, ngā ngaru, ngā hapa mata rānei.
7. Te Whakamahana: Ka Whakahoki i te Māeneene me te Whakatikatika i te Hanganga Moroiti
I muri i te hurihuri wera, ka pāngia te rauemi e te whakapakeketanga o te taumahatanga me te tohatoha hanganga iti rawa. Nō reira, ka mahia te whakamahana (he maimoatanga wera whakangawari) hei:
– Ka whakakore i te ahotea toenga,
– Whakahokia mai te manawanui,
– Ngā wāhanga whakau (hei tauira, i roto i te austenitic),
– Ka āwhina ki te whakarewa i ngā matū kore e hiahiatia.
Mō te kowiri tira austenitic, ko te whakamahana he whakauru i te wairewa ki ngā pāmahana teitei, ā, muri iho ka tere te whakamatao hei pupuri i te hanganga e hiahiatia ana, hei whakaiti hoki i te tūponotanga o te pāwera.
8. Te Tango i te Tauine: Te Tango i te Tauine Waikura
Ka hangaia e ngā tukanga wera (te hurihuri wera me te whakamahana) he unahi waikura ki runga i te mata. Me tango atu tēnei unahi kia whiwhi ai i tētahi mata ma e rite ana mō te tukatuka atu. Ko ngā tikanga noa ko:
– Ka whakamahia e te whakapūkara he otinga waikawa (hei tauira, he ranunga o te waikawa hauota me te waikawa hauwaiwai, ētahi atu pūnaha whakapūkara hou rānei) hei whakarewa i ngā waikura,
– Te tango i te unahi mā te mīhini pērā i te pupuhi pupuhi, te paraihe rānei hei āwhina i te tango i ngā kiri.
He mea tino nui te wāhanga tango unahi mō te kounga o te mata whakamutunga, inā koa mēnā ka whakamahia te rauemi mō ngā taputapu kai, ngā hoahoanga, te umanga rongoā rānei.
9. Te Hurihuri Matao: Te Whakatutuki i ngā Ahu Tika me ngā Mata Maeneene
Hei hanga i ngā pepa angiangi me ngā ātete kikī me ngā mata maeneene, ka hurihia te maitai kore waikura ki te matao. Nā te mea ka mahia i ngā pāmahana iti iho, ka whakanui ake te huri matao i te kaha mā te whakapakeketanga mahi engari ka whakaiti i te ngāwari. Nō reira, ko te huri matao ka whai ake i te whakamahana anō (whakamahana waenga) i runga i te whakaiti matotoru e hiahiatia ana.
Ko te hua o te hurihuri matao he koiri he matotoru tika, he kounga mata pai ake hoki, ka noho hei pūtake mō ngā momo whakaotinga pēnei i te 2B, BA (whakamahana kanapa), ngā tauira whakapaipai rānei.
10. Te Whakaoti Whakamutunga, te Tirotiro, me te Tākai
Kei roto i te wāhanga whakamutunga ngā tukanga maha e ai ki te hua whakamutunga:
– He pēhi kiri hei whakapai ake i te papatahi me te āhua o te mata,
– Te whakakanapa hei hanga i tētahi mata kanapa (whakaata) he mata hātene rānei,
– Te haehae me te tapahi hei wehewehe i ngā koiri kia whānui, hei tapahi rānei i ngā pereti,
– Te hanga (whiringa kore) pērā i te piko, te kukume hōhonu, te hanga paipa rānei (ngongo whakarewa) mā te whakarewa me te whakamahana anō.
Whai muri i tēnā, ka whakahaerehia te mana whakahaere kounga: te whakamātautau hanganga matū, te whakamātautau ā-ringa (te kume, te pakeke), te whakamātautau waikura (mēnā e tika ana), te tirotiro i ngā hapa o te mata, me te manatoko i ngā āhuatanga. Kātahi ka tohua he tau wera/tautuhinga rota ki ngā hua angitu, ka pania ki te paninga mata tiaki (hei tauira, te kiriata), ā, ka tākaihia mō te tuku.
Te Katinga
Ko te tukanga hanga maitai kore waikura he whakakotahitanga tino whakahaere o ngā tukanga whakarewa me te hanga: mai i te whiriwhiri rauemi mata me te hoahoa hanganga, tae atu ki te whakarewa EAF, te whakamahine AOD/VOD, te whakarewa, te huri wera, te whakamahana, te tango i te tauine, te huri matao, tae atu ki te whakaoti me te tirotiro. He mahi nui tā ia wāhanga ki te whakarite kia tutuki te maitai kore waikura i ngā paerewa ātete waikura, te kaha, me te kounga o te mata. Nō reira, ahakoa tōna ingoa māmā noa iho, "maitai kore waikura," ko te hua o ngā tukanga hangarau uaua kua hangaia hei whakaputa i tētahi rauemi pono hei whakamahi i roto i te whānuitanga o ngā ahumahi—mai i ngā taputapu kīhini ki ngā whakaurunga matū me te moana.
