Me pēhea te hanga taupānga Android me Kotlin
He reo hōtaka hou a Kotlin e taunakitia ana e Google mō te whakawhanaketanga taupānga Android. He poto te wetereo, he kore-haumaru, he ngāwari ki te ako mā te hunga tīmata, ā, he tino hototahi ki a Java. I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka hipokina e mātou ngā mahi whai hua mō te hanga taupānga Android me Kotlin, mai i te whakarite i ngā taputapu me te waihanga i tētahi kaupapa ki te whakahaere i tō taupānga tuatahi.
1. Te Whakarite: Te Tāuta i ngā Utauta e Hiahiatia ana
I mua i tō tīmatanga ki te tuhi waehere, kia tino whakarite kua tika te taiao whakawhanake. Ko ngā taputapu matua e hiahiatia ana e koe ko:
1. Whare Pūoro Android
Koinei te IDE mana mō te hanga taupānga Android. Kei roto i te Android Studio he ētita, he emulator, he pūnaha hanga Gradle, me te maha atu o ngā āhuatanga hei tere ake i te whanaketanga.
2. JDK (Kete Whakawhanake Java)
Kei roto i te Android Studio te JDK e hiahiatia ana. Heoi, me whakarite kei te hototahi te putanga e whakamahia ana e koe ki tō Android Studio.
3. SDK Android
Ka tāutahia te SDK mā te Android Studio. Ka tikiake koe i ngā wāhanga pēnei i te tūāpapa Android, ngā taputapu hanga, me te emulator.
Kia oti te tāutanga, whakatuwheratia te Android Studio ka waiho kia oti te tango i ngā wāhanga e hiahiatia ana i te wā tuatahi ka rere.
2. Waihangahia he Kaupapa Android Hou
Whāia ēnei mahi hei waihanga i tētahi kaupapa tīmatanga:
1. Whakatuwheratia te Android Studio
2. Tīpakohia he Kaupapa Hou
3. Tīpakohia he tauira, hei tauira, Kore Mahi (te mea tino noa mō te ako)
4. Whakakīia ngā taipitopito o te kaupapa:
– Ingoa: hei tauira `FirstApplication`
– Ingoa mōkihi: hei tauira `com.example.firstapplication`
– Reo: tīpakohia a Kotlin
– Te iti rawa o te SDK: tīpakohia kia rite ki te taputapu ūnga (hei tauira, API 21 kia hototahi ki te maha o ngā taputapu)
5. Pāwhiritia te Whakaoti
Ka waihanga aunoa a Android Studio i te hanganga kaupapa, tae atu ki ngā kōnae Kotlin me ngā kōnae tahora.
3. Kia Mārama ki te Hanganga Taketake o tētahi Kaupapa Android
Kia oti te kaupapa, ka kite koe i ētahi kōpaki nui:
– taupānga/src/main/java/ : te wāhi kei reira ngā kōnae Kotlin (waehere hōtaka)
– taupānga/src/matua/res/ : te wāhi e rongoa ai ngā rauemi pēnei i ngā tahora, ngā whakaahua, ngā aho, ngā tae
– tahora/ : Kōnae whakaatu e hangai ana ki te XML
– uara/ : kei roto ko `strings.xml`, `colors.xml`, `themes.xml`
– AndroidManifest.xml: kei roto ngā mōhiohio nui mō te taupānga, pērā i te rārangi o ngā mahi me ngā whakaaetanga.
– build.gradle : te whirihoranga hanga, ngā whakawhirinakitanga, me ngā putanga whare pukapuka
Mā te mārama ki tēnei hanganga ka āwhina i a koe ki te karo i te whakapoauau ina tīmata te kaupapa ki te rahi haere.
4. Te Mārama ki ngā Mahi: Te Tīmatanga o tētahi Taupānga
I roto i tētahi taupānga Android tawhito, ko te mata matua e tohuhia ana e tētahi Mahi. Ina hangaia e koe tētahi kaupapa `Mahi Kore`, ka hangaia e Android Studio tētahi kōnae `MainActivity.kt`.
Tauira o ngā ihirangi `MainActivity.kt` māmā (pēnei tonu te tikanga):
"`kotlin
mōkihi com.tauira.tono tuatahi
kawemai i te androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity
kawemai i te android.os.Bundle
akomangaMainActivity: AppCompatActivity() {
te whakakore i te ngahau i runga i te Hanga (tiakina te Tūnga: Putunga?) {
super.onWaihanga(Kua tiakina te ĀhuaTauira)
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main)
}
}
""
He whakamārama poto:
– Ka karangatia te `onCreate()` ina hangaia te mahi
– ka whakatau te `setContentView()` i te tahora hei whakamahi, hei tauira `activity_main.xml`
5. Te Hoahoa i ngā Tirohanga me te XML
Whakatuwheratia te `res/layout/activity_main.xml`. Mō ngā tīmatanga, ka taea e koe te whakamahi i te tirohanga Hoahoa (tōia-me-te-taka) me te whakatika tika rānei i te XML.
Tauira tahora māmā: tuhinga me te pātene.
"`xml"
Mā tēnei tahora, kei a koe tētahi `Tirohanga Kuputuhi` me tētahi `Pātene` ka taea te hono atu ki te waehere Kotlin.
6. Tāpiri Taunekeneke: Pāwhiritia te Pātene Huri Kuputuhi
Muri iho, me mahi te pātene i tētahi mea. Whakatuwheratia te `MainActivity.kt` ka tāpirihia te arorau pāwhiri.
"`kotlin
mōkihi com.tauira.tono tuatahi
kawemai i te androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity
kawemai i te android.os.Bundle
kawemai i te pātene android.widget.
kawemai i te android.widget.TextView
akomangaMainActivity: AppCompatActivity() {
te whakakore i te ngahau i runga i te Hanga (tiakina te Tūnga: Putunga?) {
super.onWaihanga(Kua tiakina te ĀhuaTauira)
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main)
val tvHello = findViewById(R.id.tvHello)
val btnUbah = findViewById
btnUbah.setOnClickListener {
tvHello.text = “Kua angitu te whakarerekētanga o te kuputuhi!”
}
}
}
""
Inaianei, ina pāwhiritia te pātene, ka huri te tuhinga. Koinei te tauira tino taketake o te taunekeneke UI, ā, he mea nui kia mārama.
7. Whakahaerehia te Taupānga i runga i te Emulator, i te Pūrere Taketake rānei
E rua ngā huarahi hei whakamātau i te taupānga:
A. Te Whakamahi i tētahi Emulator
1. Pāwhiritia te Kaiwhakahaere Pūrere i roto i te Android Studio
2. Waihangahia he pūrere mariko (hei tauira, Pixel)
3. Tīpakohia te putanga Android (ahua pūnaha)
4. Whakahaerehia te emulator
5. Pāwhiritia te pātene Whakahaere (▶)
B. Te Whakamahi i tētahi Pūrere Android
1. Whakahohehia ngā Kōwhiringa Kaiwhakawhanake
2. Whakahohehia te patuiro USB
3. Honoa tō waea ki tō pona/rorohiko
4. Tīpakohia te pūrere ina pāwhiritia te Whakahaere
I te nuinga o te wā, he tere ake te pūrere taketake i te emulator, kei runga i ngā whakaritenga o tō rorohiko.
8. Te Whakahaere i ngā Whakawhirinakitanga me Gradle
I roto i te whanaketanga taupānga o te ao tūturu , ka whakamahia e koe ētahi atu whare pukapuka, pērā i te whatunga (Retrofit), ngā pātengi raraunga (Room), ngā whakaahua rānei (Glide/Coil). Ka whakahaerehia ēnei katoa mā Gradle.
Ngā kōnae e whakarerekētia pinepinetia ana: `app/build.gradle` `build.gradle.kts` rānei. Ka taea e koe te tāpiri i ngā whakawhirinakitanga pēnei i:
"`whakarōpūtanga
whakawhirinaki {
whakatinanatanga "com.squareup.retrofit2:retrofit:2.9.0"
}
""
I muri i te tāpiri i te whakawhirinakitanga, pēhia te Tukutahi Inaianei kia tikiakehia e Android Studio te whare pukapuka.
9. Ngā Tohutohu Hira mō ngā Tīmatanga o Kotlin Android
Anei ētahi tohutohu hei tere ake i te ako:
– Akohia ngā kaupapa matua o Kotlin i te tuatahi: ngā taurangi, ngā mahi, ngā akomanga, te haumaru kore, ngā akomanga raraunga.
– Whakamahia a Logcat hei patuiro: whakaaturia ngā rangitaki kia mārama ai te rere o te hōtaka.
– Kaua e wehi ki te pānui i ngā hapa Gradle: ko te nuinga o te wā ko te raruraru kei te putanga monomai, te whakawhirinakitanga, te whirihoranga rānei.
– Whakamātauria te waihanga i ngā kaupapa iti: hei tauira, he tātaitai, he rārangi mahi, he taupānga tuhi tuhipoka rānei.
– Whai i tētahi hoahoanga ma: i muri i te mārama ki ngā kaupapa matua, akohia te MVVM, ViewModel, me te LiveData/StateFlow.
10. Whakamutunga
Ko te hanga i tētahi taupānga Android me Kotlin ka tīmata mā ngā mahi māmā: te whakatū i te Android Studio, te waihanga i tētahi kaupapa hou, te mārama ki te hanganga kōpaki, te hoahoa i te UI me te XML, kātahi ka tāpiri i te arorau taunekeneke ki Kotlin. Mā te mahi auau, iti hoki, ka tere te mārama ki ngā ariā matua o te Android pērā i ngā Mahi, te huringa ora, ngā rauemi, me te Gradle.
Ki te hiahia koe ki te hiki i tēnei ki tētahi taumata e whai ake nei, ka taea e koe te ako ki te hanga i ngā tono tūturu ake: te tiki raraunga mai i te ipurangi (API), te penapena raraunga ā-rohe (Rūma), te hanga whārangi maha (Whakaterenga), me te whakapai ake i te āhua me te Hoahoa Rauemi. Ka whakaratohia e Kotlin he turanga pakari, hou hoki mō ēnei mea katoa.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te haere tonu me tētahi putanga hangarau ake o tēnei tuhinga (mā te whakamahi i a Jetpack Compose, MVVM, me tētahi taupānga tauira māmā pēnei i te To-Do List) ka taea rānei e au te whakarerekē i tēnei tuhinga mō te taumata tīmata/waenga.
