Me pēhea te tīmata i tētahi mahi i roto i te pūtaiao raraunga
Kua noho te pūtaiao raraunga hei tētahi o ngā mara mahi e tino hiahiatia ana i ngā tau tata nei. He mārama ngā take: tata ki ngā umanga katoa e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā raraunga mō te whakatau kaupapa, mai i te peeke me te hokohoko ipurangi ki te hauora me te hanga ki te kāwanatanga. Heoi, mō ngā tīmatanga, he uaua te tīmatanga o tētahi mahi i roto i te pūtaiao raraunga, nā te mea e whakakotahi ana te mara i ngā tatauranga, te hōtaka, me te mōhiotanga pakihi. Ka kapi i tēnei tuhinga ngā mahi whai hua mō te tīmatanga o tētahi mahi i roto i te pūtaiao raraunga, mai i te hanga turanga ki te whiwhi i tō mahi tuatahi.
1. Tuatahi, kia mārama ki te pūtaiao raraunga
He kaupapa ako te pūtaiao raraunga e aro ana ki te tukatuka raraunga hei whakaputa i ngā māramatanga, ngā matapae, ngā taunakitanga rānei e whai hua ana. Ko te mahi a te kaipūtaiao raraunga ko te kohikohi raraunga, te horoi, te tātari tauira, te hanga tauira ako mīhini, me te whakapuaki i ngā hua ki ngā kaipupuri hea.
He tokomaha ngā tauhou e whakaaro ana ko te pūtaiao raraunga he hanga tauira AI matatau noa iho. Heoi, i roto i te mahi, ko te nuinga o te wā e pau ana ki te mārama ki ngā raruraru pakihi me te horoi raraunga. Nō reira, i mua i te ruku hohonu rawa ki te kaupapa, he mea nui kia mārama ki te tirohanga whānui kia kore ai e hē ngā tumanakohanga.
2. Whakatauhia te ara mahi e hiahia ana koe ki te whai
He maha ngā mahi ōrite a te pūtaiao raraunga engari he rerekē ngā arotahi. Mā te whakatau wawe i tō ara ka āwhina i a koe ki te ako me te whai whakaaro. Ko ētahi o ngā ara noa ko:
– Kaitātari Raraunga: e arotahi ana ki te tātari raraunga, te waihanga i ngā papaaho whakahaere, ngā pūrongo, me ngā māramatanga mō ngā whakataunga pakihi.
– Kairangahau Raraunga: ka whakakotahi i te tātari raraunga me te whakatauira tatauranga me te ako mīhini.
– Kaihanga Ako Mīhini: e arotahi ana ki te whakatinana i ngā tauira ka taea te whakahaere i roto i ngā pūnaha whakaputa (whakatinanatanga), ngā paipa, me te arotautanga.
– Kaihanga Raraunga: hanga hanganga raraunga, ngā paipa ETL/ELT, me te whakarite kia rite ngā raraunga ki te whakamahi.
Ki te mea kei te ruarua tonu koe, ko te ara tino pai mō te tīmatanga ko te kaitātari raraunga, nā te mea e aro nui ana ki ngā pūkenga tātari raraunga me te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero. Whai muri i tēnā, ka taea e koe te ahu whakamua ki te kaipūtaiao raraunga, ki te miihini ako mīhini rānei.
3. Kia matatau ki ngā kaupapa matua: ngā tatauranga me ngā pāngarau taketake
He nui te whakawhirinaki o te pūtaiao raraunga ki te arorau tatauranga. Kāore koe e hiahia kia tohunga pāngarau koe, engari me mātau koe ki ētahi ariā taketake:
– Ngā tatauranga whakaahuatanga (te toharite, te tau waenga, te rerekētanga, te paerewa rerekētanga)
– Tūponotanga taketake
– Te tohatoha raraunga (noa, rua-ira, me ētahi atu)
– Te hononga me te hononga take
– Te ariā o te whakamātautau whakapae me te uara-p (te māramatanga taketake iti rawa)
– Te whakatauira rārangi hei ariā taketake
Ki te mātau koe ki ēnei kaupapa matua, ka māmā ake ki a koe te mārama he aha i mahi ai tētahi tauira, me te wā hoki e taea ai te whakawhirinaki ki tētahi whakatau tātari.
4. Akohia ngā kaupapa hōtaka e tika ana: Python, R rānei
I roto i te ahumahi, ko Python te whiringa rongonui mō te pūtaiao raraunga nā tōna pūnaha rauropi whānui. He tino kaha hoki a R, inā koa mō te tātari tatauranga, engari he ngāwari ake a Python mō te whakawhanaketanga ako mīhini.
Tīmata ki te mea tino nui:
– Ngā kaupapa matua o Python: ngā taurangi, ngā koropiko, ngā mahi, ngā rārangi/ngā kupu
– Te whakahaere raraunga me Pandas me NumPy
– Whakaaturanga ki te Matplotlib, ki te Seaborn rānei
– Te ako mīhini taketake me Scikit-learn
Kaua e mau ki te ngana ki te ako i ngā mea katoa i te wā kotahi. Kia arotahi ki ngā pūkenga kaupapa māmā: te pānui i ngā raraunga, te horoi, te tātari, te waihanga whakaahua, kātahi ka whakarāpopoto i ngā hua.
5. Kia matatau ki te SQL nā te mea he mea nui tēnei i roto i ngā mahi tūturu.
He maha ngā mahi raraunga e hiahia ana kia tiki tika mai i ngā raraunga mai i ngā pātengi raraunga. Nō reira, he pūkenga nui te SQL, ahakoa mō ngā kaipūtaiao raraunga. Me mātau koe ki:
– WHIRIA, KI HEA, WHAKARŌPŪ, ŌTAUTAU
– URU (Ā-ROTO, MAUI, MATAU)
– Ngā uiuinga iti me ngā CTE
– Ngā mahi whakahiato me te matapihi (mēnā he matatau)
He rerekētanga pinepine te pai o ngā pūkenga SQL ina tono mahi, nā te mea he onge te whakarato a ngā kamupene i ngā raraunga "kua rite ki te whakamahi" pērā i ngā akoranga.
6. Hangaia he putea kaupapa tūturu
He taputapu matua te putea mahi mō ngā tīmatanga, inā koa mēnā kāore ōu wheako mahi i roto i te pūtaiao raraunga. Kōwhiria ngā kaupapa e whakaatu ana i te tukanga katoa, hei tauira:
– Tātaritanga hoko me te wehewehenga kiritaki
– Matapae mō te nekenekehanga o te kiritaki
– Matapae utu whare
– Te tātari i ngā kare ā-roto mō te arotake hua
– Papatohu KPI e whakamahi ana i ngā raraunga tūmatanui
Whakamahia ngā raraunga mai i Kaggle, ngā raraunga kāwanatanga (raraunga tuwhera), ētahi atu huinga raraunga tūmatanui rānei. Heoi, kaua e tārua noa i ngā pukatuhi kua oti kē te hanga. Ngāna ki te whakamārama i ngā mahi i roto i ō ake kupu.
Ko te mea tino pai, ko ngā āhuatanga o tō putea ko:
– Ngā whāinga pakihi/kaupapa mārama
– Te tukanga horoi raraunga (te horoi raraunga)
– Tātari Raraunga Tūhura (EDA)
– Ngā tauira, ngā māramatanga rānei i hangaia
– Ngā whakatau me ngā taunakitanga
Tukuatu te kaupapa ki GitHub, ki tētahi tūāpapa putea rānei pērā i a Kaggle, ā, tāpirihia he README ma.
7. Whakaharatauhia ngā pūkenga whakawhitiwhiti kōrero me te kōrero pakiwaitara
Ehara i te mea ko ngā tau anake te kaupapa o te pūtaiao raraunga, engari ko te whakapuaki i te tikanga kei muri i aua tau. He tokomaha ngā tāngata e rahua ana i ngā uiuinga, ehara i te mea nā te kore o ō rātou mātauranga, engari nā te mea kāore e taea e rātou te whakamārama noa i ngā hua o ā rātou tātaritanga.
Whakaharatauhia tēnei pūkenga mā te:
– Waihangahia he whakarāpopototanga o te tātaritanga i roto i ngā rerenga kōrero e 5–10
– Te whakamārama i te kauwhata: “He aha te mea e tupu ana, ā, he aha i hiranga ai?”
– Whakaratohia ngā tohutohu whai hua mō te whakatinanatanga
– Whakangāwaritia ngā kupu hangarau mō ngā hunga whakarongo kore-hangarau
Mā ngā pūkenga whakawhitiwhiti kōrero koe e āhua ngaio ake ai, ā, ka rite hoki koe ki te mahi.
8. Me whai i ngā akoranga tika, engari kaua e mau ki ngā tiwhikete.
Ka taea e ngā akoranga ipurangi te whakatere i te ako, engari kaua e aro noa ki ngā tiwhikete. Ko te mea nui ko ngā pūkenga me ngā taunakitanga kaupapa.
Ngā rauemi ako noa, ngāwari hoki te uru atu:
– Akoranga Python mō te pūtaiao raraunga
– Ngā akoranga SQL me te pātengi raraunga
– Ngā tatauranga mō te tātari raraunga
– Te ako mīhini taketake
– Whakaaturanga me te papaaho (Tableau/Power BI)
Kōwhiria ngā akoranga e hiahia ana koe ki te mahi i ngā mahi whakaharatau, i ngā kaupapa rānei. Ka nui ake āu mahi whakaharatau, ka tere ake tō ahunga whakamua.
9. Hangaia he wheako mā roto i ngā mahi tauira, te mahi motuhake, ngā kaupapa hapori rānei.
Mena kei te raru koe ki te kimi i tāu mahi tuatahi, ngana ki te hanga wheako mā roto i ngā huarahi kē:
– He mahi whakangungu mō te kaitātari raraunga/kairangahau raraunga
– Tātari raraunga mō ngā pakihi iti me ngā pakihi hou
– Te āwhina i ngā rangahau o te kāmpus, o te hapori rānei
– Ngā kaupapa tuwhera-pūtake, ngā whakataetae Kaggle rānei
Ka taea te tāpiri i tēnei wheako ki tō CV hei tohu kua ea i a koe ngā raruraru tūturu me ngā raraunga.
10. Whakaritehia tō CV me tō rautaki tono mahi
Me poto, me mārama, me aro hoki ki ngā hua o tētahi CV pūtaiao raraunga. Whakaurua:
– Ngā pūkenga hangarau (Python, SQL, taputapu)
– Ngā kaupapa me ngā hononga GitHub/Kaggle
– Te pānga o te kaupapa (hei tauira, "kua piki ake te tika o te matapae mā te..." "kua kitea ngā māramatanga e...")
– He wheako e tika ana, ahakoa ehara i te mea he pūtaiao raraunga katoa (hei tauira, he wheako pakihi, he rangahau, he pūrongo tātari rānei)
I te wā e tono ana koe, me whakarite tō tono kia rite ki te whakaahuatanga o te mahi. Mena he nui te aro o te tūranga ki te SQL me ngā papaaho whakahaere, me whakanui aua wheako.
Te Katinga
He uaua te tīmata i tētahi mahi i roto i te pūtaiao raraunga, engari ka taea tonu mēnā he mahere ako arotahi, pumau hoki tāu. Tīmata ki ngā kaupapa taketake o te tatauranga, kia matatau ki a Python me SQL, kātahi ka hanga he putea o ngā kaupapa e tika ana. Kaua e wareware he rite te hiranga o ngā pūkenga whakawhitiwhiti kōrero me te mārama ki te horopaki pakihi ki ngā pūkenga hangarau.
Ki te whakatapua e koe ētahi marama ki te ako tonu me te mahi i ngā kaupapa, he nui te tūponotanga ka whiwhi koe i tō mahi tuatahi hei kaitātari raraunga, hei kaipūtaiao raraunga iti rānei. Ko ngā mea nui ko te mahi, he putea mahi, me te u tonu.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te āwhina i a koe ki te waihanga i tētahi mahere ako taipitopito mō ngā marama e toru (ia wiki) e ai ki tō papamuri, hei tauira, mai i te kore, mai i tētahi kaupapa kore-hangarau, kua mōhio kē rānei koe ki te Python taketake.
