Te rerekētanga i waenga i te Marikotanga me te Whakapūtātanga Ipu
I roto i ngā rorohiko o ēnei rā, kei te tipu haere tonu te hiahia ki te whakahaere i ngā tono kia tere, kia whai hua, kia ngāwari hoki te neke i waenga i ngā taiao (ngā pona a ngā kaiwhakawhanake, ngā tūmau tari, me te kapua). Ko ngā hangarau e rua e tautoko ana i ēnei hiahia ko te marikotanga me te ipu. Ahakoa e taea ai e ēnei mea e rua te whakahaere i ngā "taiao" maha i runga i te mīhini kotahi, he rerekē rawa te mahi, te taumata wehewehe, te whakamahinga rauemi, me ngā āhuatanga whakamahinga. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga ngā rerekētanga i waenga i te marikotanga me te ipu hei āwhina i a koe ki te whiriwhiri i te otinga tika.
1. Te Whakamāramatanga o te Marikotanga
Ko te marikotanga he hangarau e āhei ai tētahi mīhini tūturu ki te whakahaere i ngā mīhini mariko maha (VM) i te wā kotahi. He rite te whanonga o ia VM ki tētahi rorohiko katoa: he pūnaha whakahaere tōna ake, he kernel, he taraiwa mariko, me te wāhi rauemi kua tohaina (CPU, RAM, rokiroki).
Ko te tikanga, ka whakahaerehia te marikotanga mā roto i te pūmanawa e kiia nei ko te hypervisor. Ko te hypervisor te kawenga mō te tohatoha rauemi taputapu me te whakahaere i ngā mīhini mariko. Ko ētahi tauira o ngā hypervisor rongonui ko:
– VMware ESXi
– Microsoft Hyper-V
– KVM (Mīhini Mariko e hangai ana ki te Kernel)
– VirtualBox (whānui mō ngā hiahia ā-rohe)
Mā te marikotanga, ka taea e koe te whakahaere i a Windows me Linux i runga i te tūmau tinana kotahi, ka taea rānei te whakahaere i ngā tohatoha Linux rerekē maha mō ngā hiahia wehe me te maha-rōpū.
2. Te Whakamāramatanga o te Whakatakotoranga Ipu
Ko te whakapūtātanga he tikanga whakahaere taupānga i roto i ngā wae motuhake e kiia nei ko ngā ipu. Ka "pōkai" ngā ipu i ngā taupānga me ō rātou whakawhirinakitanga (ngā whare pukapuka, ngā wā whakahaere, ngā whirihoranga) kia taea ai te whakahaere tonu puta noa i ngā taiao maha.
Ko te rerekētanga matua mai i ngā VM ko te kore o ngā ipu e mau ana i tētahi pūnaha whakahaere katoa. Ka tohaina e ngā ipu tētahi kernel me te OS manaaki (me te kernel rānei o te VM mēnā kei te whakahaerehia te ipu i runga i tētahi VM). Ka tutuki te wehenga mā roto i ngā āhuatanga kernel pēnei i ngā mokowā ingoa me ngā rōpū-c (i roto i te Linux), e whakahaere ana i te wehenga tukanga me ngā here rauemi.
Ko ngā papaaho ipu rongonui ko:
– Docker
– ipu
– Podman
– Te whakarite i ngā whakaritenga pērā i a Kubernetes
Ko te whakakī ipu he mea e whakamahia whānuitia ana mō ngā ratonga moroiti, te whakatinanatanga tere, me ngā horopaki DevOps hou.
3. Ngā Rerekētanga Hanganga: VM me te Ipu
Marikotanga (VM)
I runga i te VM, kei a koe ngā paparanga penei:
1. Pūmārō ā-tinana
2. Kaitirotiro Hiperu
3. VM (he pūnaha whakahaere me te kernel tōna ake)
4. Tono
Nā te mea he pūnaha whakahaere katoa kei ia mīhini whakahaere rorohiko, he "taumaha ake" ngā mīhini whakahaere rorohiko engari he kaha te motuhake, ā, he ngāwari hoki ki te whakahaere i ngā OS rerekē.
Te Whakatakotoranga Ipu (Ipu)
I roto i ngā ipu, ko ngā paparanga ko:
1. Pūmārō ā-tinana
2. Pūnaha Whakahaere Manaaki (kernel)
3. Te wā whakahaere o te ipu (hei tauira, Docker)
4. Ipu (taupānga + ngā whakawhirinakitanga)
He māmā ake ngā ipu nā te mea kāore e tārua i te pūnaha whakahaere. Nō reira, he tere ake te waihanga, te whakahaere, me te whakatinana.
4. Ngā Rerekētanga o te Whakamahinga Rauemi
He nui ake ngā rauemi e pau ana i ngā VM nā te mea:
– Me whai RAM ia VM mō te pūnaha whakahaere
– Kei runga ake te hypervisor me te ahua kōpae OS
– Ko te whakaara anō i te pūnaha whakahaere e hiahia ana ki te wā me ngā rauemi
He iti ake te utu mō ngā ipu nā te mea:
– Te tiritiri i te kernel manaaki
– He iti noa te rahi o te ahua (ki te whakatauritea ki te ahua OS VM)
– Tīmatanga/mutu tere (he maha ngā wā i roto i ngā hēkona, iti iho rānei)
Mena ko tāu whāinga he whakahaere i ngā ratonga iti maha ki ngā rau, he pai ake te whai hua o ngā ipu. Heoi, ki te hiahia koe ki te wehe katoa, ki te hiahia rānei koe ki tētahi pūnaha whakahaere rerekē, he pai ake ngā VM.
5. Te Rerekētanga o te Tere Whakaara me te Tere Whakatakotoranga
He rite te VM ki te tīmatanga o tētahi rorohiko hou: me whakaara anō te pūnaha whakahaere, me tīmata ngā ratonga, me ērā atu mea. Ka taea e te VM te tīmata i te wā mai i te tekau hēkona ki te meneti.
He rite tonu ngā ipu ki te whakahaere i ngā tukanga tono takitahi. He maha ngā ipu ka tīmata i roto i ngā hēkona, i raro iho rānei, i runga i te ahua me te tīmatanga o te tono.
Mai i te tirohanga CI/CD (Whakaurunga Tonu/Whakatakotoranga Tonu), he maha ngā wā ka whiriwhiria ngā ipu nā te mea ka tere ake te tukanga hanga-whakamātautau-whakatakotoranga.
6. Taumata o te Motuhake me te Haumarutanga
Ko te noho motuhake tētahi o ngā āhuatanga tino nui.
VM
– He kaha ake te wehewehe nā te mea he rohe motuhake kei waenganui i te OS/kernels.
– Ki te takahia he VM, ka pāngia noa iho taua VM (ahakoa kei te tūpono tonu te whakamahi kino a te hypervisor).
– He pai mō ngā taiao maha-kairēti me te iti o te whakawhirinaki (hei tauira, te manaaki i ngā kiritaki rerekē).
ipu
– He "angiangi" ake te wehewehe nā te mea e tiritiri ana i te kernel manaaki.
– Mena he ngoikoretanga kei roto i te kernel, he whirihoranga ipu ngoikore rānei (hei tauira, kei te whakahaerehia te ipu hei pakiaka, he nui rawa ngā mana), ka piki ake te mōrearea o te horapa ki te kaihautū.
– Ko te haumarutanga o ngā ipu e whakawhirinaki nui ana ki te whakapakeketanga: te whakamahinga o ngā ipu kore-pūtake, ngā here āheinga, te seccomp/apparmor/selinux, te matawai whakaahua, me ērā atu.
Heoi, kei te tere tipu te pūnaha haumarutanga ipu, ā, he maha ngā whakahaere nunui e whakahaere haumaru ana i ngā ipu me te whai i ngā tikanga pai rawa atu.
7. Te Kawe me te Taurite ki te Taiao
He tino pai ngā ipu mō te kawe i ngā tono:
– Kei roto i ngā whakaahua ipu ngā whakawhirinakitanga tono
– Kia mōhio ai "ko ngā mea e rere ana i runga i taku mīhini" ka rere anō hoki i runga i ngā tūmau me te kapua
– He pai mō ngā tīma whakawhanake e hiahia ana kia rite te āhua o te taiao
He mea kawe hoki ngā VM, engari he taumaha ake:
– Ko te neke i tētahi VM he neke i te pūnaha whakahaere katoa
– Ka taea te rahi o te kōnae whakaahua
– He puhoi ake te whakarato
I roto i ngā mahi hou, he maha ngā wā ka puta he huinga: Ka whakamahia ngā VM hei "pūnga" pumau, haumaru hoki, ā, ka whakahaerehia ngā ipu i runga ake i a rātou kia ngāwari ai te tono.
8. Te Whakamahinga o te Ao Tūturu: Āhea te Kōwhiri i te Ko tēhea?
Whakamahia te Marikotanga mēnā:
1. Me whakahaere e koe he pūnaha whakahaere rerekē (hei tauira, Windows Server me Linux i te wā kotahi).
2. Me kaha te noho motuhake me ngā rohe i waenga i ngā taiao.
3. Kei te whakahaere koe i tētahi taupānga tawhito he uaua ki te whakauru ki roto i ngā ipu.
4. Kua hangaia kētia tō hanganga ki te mīhini mariko, ā, kua pakari te whakahaere i te VM.
Whakamahia te Whakatakotoranga Ipu mēnā:
1. Kei te hanga koe i tētahi tono ratonga moroiti, i tētahi hoahoanga hou rānei.
2. Me tere te whakatinanatanga me te tauine hihiri.
3. Me whai taiao pumau koe mō DevOps me CI/CD.
4. E hiahia ana koe ki te whai huatanga o ngā rauemi mō ngā ratonga iti maha.
9. Ngā Rerekētanga o te Whakahaere me te Whakaritenga
Ka whakahaerehia ngā VM mā te whakamahi i ngā taputapu mariko pēnei i a vCenter, OpenStack, Hyper-V Manager rānei. Ahakoa ka taea e rātou te whakanui ake i te rahi, he maha ngā wā ka nui ake te uaua me te puhoi o te whakarato i ngā VM.
Ko te tikanga, ka whakahaerehia ngā ipu i te tauine nui mā te whakamahi i ngā kaiwhakahaere pērā i a Kubernetes:
– Te whakaōrite-aunoa
– Te whakaora-ā-ake (ka tīmata anō aunoa te ipu)
– Te taurite kawenga ā-roto
– Ngā whakahōutanga me ngā whakamuri haere tonu
– Whakapuakitanga (mā te whakamahi i ngā kōnae YAML)
Nā tēnei ka tino pai te whakaurunga ipu mō te pūnaha kapua taketake.
10. Whakamutunga
He mea nui te marikotanga me te ipu, engari he rerekē ngā hiahia e tutuki ana i a rāua. Ka whakaratohia e te marikotanga he taiao rorohiko katoa me te wehenga teitei me te ngāwari ki te whakahaere i ngā pūnaha whakahaere rerekē, engari he nui ake te rauemi e hiahiatia ana, ā, he puhoi ake te whakarato. I taua wā, ka tukuna e te ipu he huarahi māmā ake, tere ake, me te kawe ake ki te whakahaere tono, he mea pai mō ngā DevOps, ngā ratonga moroiti, me ngā whakatinanatanga nui - me te whakatūpato me whai tikanga haumarutanga me te whakarite pai.
Hei whakamutunga, ko te kōwhiringa pai ehara i te mea ko ngā "VM, ko ngā ipu rānei," engari ko te huinga o ngā mea e rua: ko ngā VM mō te turanga hanganga, me ngā ipu mō te whakahaere pai i ngā tono. Mā te mārama ki ēnei rerekētanga taketake, ka taea e koe te hoahoa i ngā pūnaha pumau, haumaru, me te tauine e hāngai ana ki ngā hiahia o tō whakahaere.
