Ngā Āhuatanga Whakakotahi o ngā Otinga Irahiko
Pendahuluan
Ko ngā āhuatanga honohono o ngā otinga he āhuatanga e whakawhirinaki ana ki te maha o ngā matūriki matū i roto i tētahi whakarewa, ahakoa te momo, te āhua matū rānei o aua matū. He āhuatanga ahurei ngā otinga irahiko nā te mea kei roto i a rātou ngā matū ka taea te ioni, ka puta he ira pai, he ira kino hoki. He rerekē tēnei tukanga i ngā otinga kore-irahiko, e noho tonu ai te matū i roto i te āhua o ngā ngota takitahi.
Ko te rerekētanga tino kitea i waenga i ngā otinga irahiko me ngā otinga kore-irahiko ko te maha o ngā matūriki ka puta ina rewa te matūriki i roto i te whakarewa. I roto i ngā otinga kore-irahiko, ko te maha o ngā matūriki i roto i te otinga e rite ana ki te maha o ngā ngota matūriki. He rerekē, i roto i ngā otinga irahiko, ka wehea te matūriki hei katote, ka piki ake te maha o ngā matūriki i roto i te otinga.
Ngā Āhuatanga Whakakotahi
Ko ngā āhuatanga matua e whā o ngā otinga ko te whakaheke i te pēhanga mamaoa, te whakaheke ira tio, te whakanui ira kohua , me te pēhanga osmotic. I roto i ngā otinga electrolyte, ka pāngia ēnei āhuatanga e whā e te maha o ngā katote i hangaia e te wehenga o te matū wairewa.
1. Te Hekenga o te Pēhanga Kohu (Ture a Raoult)
Ka puta te hekenga o te pēhanga kohu nā te noho mai o ngā matūriki wairewa i roto i te whakarewa parakore, e aukati ana i te pōturi o ngā ngota whakarewa. I runga i te ture E Raoult, he nui ake te hekenga o te pēhanga mamaoa o tētahi otinga irahiko i tērā o tētahi otinga kore-irahiko o te kukū ōrite, nā te mea he nui ake te maha o ngā matūriki i roto i te otinga irahiko nā te wehenga o te matū wairewa. Hei tauira, ka wehea te kotahi ira o te NaCl ki ngā katote e rua (Na+ me te Cl-), nō reira he rua te nui o te maha o ngā pānga matūriki i roto i te otinga i te kotahi ira o tētahi matū kore-irahiko.
2. Te Pehanga o te Ira Hukapapa
Ko te pūwāhi tio o te otinga ko te pāmahana e huri ai te otinga mai i te wai ki te āhua totoka. Ina tāpirihia he matū whakarewa ki te matū whakarewa, ka heke te pūwāhi tio o te otinga. He rite tonu te hekenga o tēnei pūwāhi tio ki te molarity o te matū whakarewa me te tauwehe van't Hoff (i), arā, te maha o ngā matūriki i puta mai i te kotahi waeine o te matū whakarewa i roto i te otinga. I roto i ngā otinga electrolyte, he nui ake te tauwehe van't Hoff i te kotahi, nō reira he nui ake te hekenga o te pūwāhi tio i ngā otinga kore-irahiko.
Te tātai mō te whakatau i te whakahekenga o te ira tio:
\[
\Delta T_f = i \cdot K_f \cdot m
\]
Kei hea:
– Ko te \(\Delta T_f\) te whakahekenga o te pūwāhi tio
– Ko te tauwehenga van't Hoff te \(i\)
– Ko te pūmau whakaheke ira tio molal o te whakarewa \(K_f\)
– Ko te \(m\) te molality o te matū wairewa
3. Te Pikinga Kohua Kua Whakanuia
Mā te tāpiri i tētahi matū wairewa ki tētahi matū whakarewa ka piki ake te pāmahana koropupū o te otinga. Ko tēnei mātāpono e hangai ana ki te meka ka whakararuraru ngā matūriki matū wairewa i te mimiti o ngā ngota whakarewa, ka hiahiatia he pāmahana teitei ake hei whakatutuki i te pēhanga kohu rite ki te pēhanga kohu parakore. Pērā i te whakahekenga o te pāmahana tio, he nui ake te pikinga o te pāmahana koropupū o ngā otinga irahiko i ērā o ngā otinga kore-irahiko nā te mea he nui ake ngā matūriki ka puta mai i te wehenga.
Te tātai mō te whakanui i te pūwāhi koropupū:
\[
\Delta T_b = i \cdot K_b \cdot m
\]
Kei hea:
– Ko te pikinga o te pūwāhi koropupū ko te \(\Delta T_b\)
– Ko te tauwehenga van't Hoff te \(i\)
– Ko te pūmau teitei o te pūwāhi kohua molal o te whakarewa \(K_b\)
– Ko te \(m\) te molality o te matū wairewa
4. Te Pēhanga Osmotic
Ko te pēhanga osmotic te pēhanga e hiahiatia ana hei aukati i te osmosis, te nekehanga o te whakarewa i roto i te kiriuhi haurua-permeable mai i tētahi otinga waimeha ki tētahi otinga kukū. He mea nui te pēhanga osmotic (π) i roto i te matū koiora me te mahi tinana nā te mea ka pupuri i te taurite wai i roto i ngā pūtau me te tinana. I roto i ngā otinga electrolyte, he teitei ake te pēhanga osmotic i ngā otinga kore-irahiko nā te mea he nui ake ngā matūriki.
Ko te tātai mō te pēhanga osmotic ka hangaia penei:
\[
\pi = i \cdot M \cdot R \cdot T
\]
Kei hea:
– Ko te pēhanga osmotic te \(\pi\)
– Ko te tauwehenga van't Hoff te \(i\)
– Ko te \(M\) te mōroiti o te matū wairewa
– Ko te pūmau hau tino pai ko \(R\)
– Ko te pāmahana tino (Kelvin) te \(T\)
Te Whakamahinga me te Hiranga
He mea whai hua te mārama ki ngā āhuatanga honohono o ngā otinga irahiko i roto i ngā momo mara o te pūtaiao me te hangarau. Hei tauira, i roto i te rongoā, me rite te pēhanga osmotic o ngā wai werowero ki te pēhanga o ngā wai tinana kia kore ai e kino ngā pūtau tinana. I roto i te ahumahi, ka whakamahia ngā āhuatanga honohono ki te tiaki kai, ki te maimoatanga wai, tae noa ki te hanga hua horoi.
I roto i te taiao tūturu, he wāhi nui anō hoki ngā āhuatanga honohono o ngā otinga irahiko ki te urutau o ngā rauropi ki ngā āhuatanga osmotic. He maha ngā rauropi moana e whakawhirinaki ana ki tō rātou kaha ki te whakarerekē i te pēhanga osmotic o roto kia ora ai i roto i ngā taiao tote nui.
Whakamutunga
Ko ngā āhuatanga honohono o ngā otinga irahiko e whakaatu ana i te hiranga o te maha o ngā matūriki ki te awe i ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana maha i roto i ngā otinga. Mā te wehewehenga o ngā irahiko ka whakanui ake i te maha o ngā matūriki, ā, ka whakanui ake i ngā pānga o ngā āhuatanga honohono pērā i te whakahekenga o te pēhanga mamaoa, te whakahekenga o te ira tio, te pikinga o te ira kohua, me te pēhanga osmotic. He mea nui te māramatanga taipitopito ki ngā āhuatanga honohono mō te whānuitanga o ngā tono mahi i roto i te ahumahi, te rongoā, me te taiao.
I te taha o te whanaketanga o te pūtaiao me te hangarau, kei te piki haere tonu te whanaketanga o ngā tono mō te mārama ki ngā āhuatanga koligative hei painga mō ngā momo rāngai o te hapori.
