He aha ngā irahiko Valence?
Pendahuluan
I roto i te matū, ko te kupu "ngā irahiko valence" he ariā taketake e tino hira ana kia mārama. Ehara i te mea ko ngā irahiko valence anake te mea nui hei whakatau i ngā āhuatanga matū o tētahi huānga, engari he pānga anō hoki ki ngā tauhohenga matū me te pumau o ngā pūhui. Ka tūhuratia hohonutia e tēnei tuhinga he aha ngā irahiko valence, he aha i hiranga ai rātou, me pēhea te tohatoha i roto i tētahi ngota, me pēhea te whakamahi i tēnei ariā i roto i ngā momo mara matū.
Te Whakamāramatanga o ngā Irahiko Valence
Ko ngā irahiko valence ko ngā irahiko e kitea ana i roto i te anga o waho o te ngota, ā, e whai wāhi ana ki te hanganga o ngā hononga matū. I roto i te tikanga hangarau, kei te taumata pūngao teitei rawa atu ēnei irahiko o te ngota, nō reira, ko rātou te kawenga mō ngā taunekeneke i waenga i ngā ngota i roto i te hanganga o ngā ngota. Ka kitea ngā irahiko valence i roto i ngā anga s me p o waho rawa mō ngā huānga turanga (A) me te anga d o waho rawa i roto i ngā huānga whakawhiti.
Te Hiranga o ngā Irahiko Valence
He maha ngā mahi nui a ngā irahiko valence i roto i te matū:
1. Te Hanganga o ngā Here Matū: Ka whai wāhi tika ngā irahiko valence ki te hanganga o ngā here covalent, ionic, me te konganuku.
– Ngā Herenga Honohono: I roto i tētahi pūhui honohono, e rua ngā ngota e whakamahi tahi ana i te takirua irahiko valence. Hei tauira, i roto i te ngota H2O (wai), ka whakamahia tahitia e te ngota hauwai ngā irahiko me te ngota hāora.
– Te Hononga Ā-Ionika: I roto i ngā pūhui ā-ionika, ka whakawhitia ngā irahiko valence mai i tētahi ngota ki tētahi atu ngota, ka hangaia he kationi me he ā-iona. Hei tauira, i roto i te konutai pūhaumāota (tote), ka tukuna e te konutai ōna irahiko ki te haumāota.
– Te Hononga Whakarewa: I roto i te hononga whakarewa, ka taea e ngā irahiko valence te neke noa i waenga i ngā katote whakarewa, ka hanga he hanganga tioata whakarewa kaha, ā, koia te kawenga mō ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te kawe hiko me te kawe wera.
2. Te Tauhohenga Matū: Mā ngā irahiko valence ka whakatau te tauhohenga o tētahi huānga ki ētahi atu huānga. Ko te ngāwari ake o te ngaronga, te whiwhi, te tohatoha rānei o ngā irahiko valence o tētahi ngota, ko te kaha ake o te tauhohenga o te huānga. Hei tauira, he tino tauhohenga ngā konganuku kawakore (pērā i te konutai) nā te mea kotahi anake te irahiko valence ka taea te ngaro ngāwari.
3. Ngā Āhuatanga Ā-tinana me te Matū: Ka pāngia ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana (pēnei i te rewa me te kohua) me ngā āhuatanga matū (pēnei i te waikawa, te taketake rānei) o tētahi matū e ngā irahiko ā-tinana kua kī tonu. Hei tauira, ko ngā ngota he nui ake te pumau, ā, he iti ake te tauhohenga o ngā whirihoranga irahiko ā-tinana.
Te Tohatoha Irahiko Valence
Kei roto i te anga o waho rawa o te ngota ngā irahiko valence, ā, ka taea te tautuhi mā te whakamahi i te ripanga ā-pūmotu. Ko te tau rōpū (pou poutū) i roto i te ripanga ā-pūmotu e tohu ana i te maha o ngā irahiko valence o tētahi huānga.
– Ngā Rōpū Matua: Mō ngā huānga nō te rōpū matua (A), ko te tau rōpū e rite ana ki te maha o ngā irahiko valence. Hei tauira, kotahi te irahiko valence o ngā huānga i roto i te rōpū 1A (pērā i te hauwai me te lithium). E whitu ngā irahiko valence o ngā huānga i roto i te rōpū 7A (pērā i te fluorine me te chlorine).
– Ngā Huānga Whakawhiti: Mō ngā huānga whakawhiti, he uaua ake te maha o ngā irahiko valence nā te mea kei roto ko te anga-iti d. Ahakoa he rerekētanga, ko te tikanga he rua ngā irahiko valence o ngā huānga whakawhiti mai i te anga-iti s o waho rawa me ētahi atu mai i te anga-iti d.
Whirihoranga Irahiko Valence
Ka taea te whakatau i te whirihoranga irahiko valence mā te tuhi i te whirihoranga irahiko katoa o tētahi ngota me te tautuhi i ngā irahiko i roto i te anga o waho rawa. Hei tauira:
– Te ngota o te haumāota (Cl): Ko te tau ngota o te haumāota he 17. Ko tōna whirihoranga irahiko he 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁵. Ko ngā irahiko uara o te haumāota he 3s² 3p⁵, nō reira e whitu ngā irahiko uara o te haumāota.
– Ngā Ātomo Pāhare Pākawa (K): Ko te tau ātomo o te pāhare pākawa he 19. Ko tōna whirihoranga irahiko he 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s¹. Ko te irahiko uara o te pāhare pākawa he 4s¹, nō reira kotahi te irahiko uara o te pāhare pākawa e ngāwari ana te tuku.
Ngā Tauira me ngā Whakamahinga o ngā Irahiko Valence
1. Ngā Tauhohenga Waikawa-Pūtake: I roto i ngā tauhohenga waikawa-pūtake, ka neke ngā pūrotana (H⁺) mai i te waikawa ki te pūtake, ā, ka uru atu tēnei ki te taunekeneke o ngā irahiko valence. He ngāwari te tuku i ngā irahiko valence o ngā waikawa pēnei i te HCl, engari he ngāwari te tuku i ngā irahiko valence o ngā pūrotana pēnei i te NH3 hei kukume i ngā pūrotana.
2. Te Arahi Hiko: He ngāwari te nekeneke o ngā irahiko valence o ngā konganuku pēnei i te parahi me te konumohe, ā, ka taea te nekeneke noa, kia pai ai te kawe hiko.
3. Here Pi me te Here Sigma: I roto i te matū waro, ka hangaia ngā here pi me te sigma mā te taunekeneke o ngā irahiko valence. Hei tauira, i roto i te ethylene (C2H4), ko te here takirua i waenga i ngā ngota waro e uru ana ki te here sigma kotahi me te here pi kotahi, ia here i hangaia mai i ngā irahiko valence.
4. Ngā Whakakōkī: I roto i te whakakōkī, ahakoa he ōrite, he rerekē rānei, ka taunekeneke ngā irahiko valence o te whakakōkī me ngā matū tauhohe hei whakaiti i te pūngao whakahohe o te tauhohenga. Ko tētahi tauira matarohia ko te whakamahinga o te konukawata hei whakakōkī i roto i ngā tauhohenga hauwai.
Whakamutunga
He ariā matua ngā irahiko ā-wāhanga i roto i te matū e āwhina ana ki te whakamārama i ētahi āhuatanga, tae atu ki te tauhohenga matū, ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana o ngā pūhui, me ngā tikanga tauhohenga. He mea nui te mārama ki ngā irahiko ā-wāhanga me tō rātou tohatoha i roto i ngā ngota kia mārama ai ki te taunekeneke a ngā huānga me ngā pūhui tetahi ki tetahi. He mea nui tēnei ehara i te mea mō te matū taketake anake engari mō ngā tono mahi i roto i te pūtaiao rauemi, te matū koiora, me ētahi atu pūtaiao tono. Mā te whakatairanga i tēnei ariā, ka taea e ngā kaipūtaiao me ngā ākonga te mārama ake me te whakamahi i ngā āhuatanga matū mō ngā momo kaupapa pūtaiao me ngā kaupapa ahumahi.
