Te Ariā Āhua Ngota VSEPR: He Māramatanga Hōhonu Ake
Pengantar
Ko te ariā o te āhua ngota ngota ko te Valence Shell Irahiko Takirua (VSEPR) he ariā taketake i roto i te matū e whakamahia ana hei matapae i te āhua, i te āhua rānei o ngā ngota ngota e puta mai ana i ngā hononga i waenga i ngā ngota. He taputapu nui tēnei ariā mā ngā kaimātai matū ki te mārama ki te hanganga ngota ngota me ngā āhuatanga matū me ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana e puta mai ana i a rātou. Ka whakaratohia e tēnei tuhinga he tirohanga whānui mō te ariā VSEPR, ōna mātāpono taketake, me ngā āhua ngota ngota rerekē ka taea te matapae mā te whakamahi i tēnei ariā.
Ngā Mātāpono Taketake o te Ariā VSEPR
Ko te ariā VSEPR e hangai ana ki te mātāpono e pana ana ngā takirua irahiko huri noa i te ngota tetahi ki tetahi, ka ārahi i a rātou ki te tango i ngā tūranga e whakaiti ana i tēnei pana. Ka taea e ēnei takirua irahiko te noho hei takirua hono, hei takirua takitahi rānei.
Ko ngā mātāpono matua o te ariā VSEPR ko:
1. Te ātete i waenga i ngā takirua irahiko: Ka ngana ngā takirua irahiko e karapoti ana i te ngota pokapū ki te noho tawhiti rawa atu tetahi i tetahi kia iti ai te ātete.
2. Ngā momo takirua irahiko: He nui ake te wāhi e nohoia ana e ngā takirua takitahi i ngā takirua herea nā te mea he tata ake ngā takirua takitahi ki te karihi, ā, kāore e herea ki ētahi atu ngota.
Te Tohu AXE i roto i te Ariā VSEPR
Hei whakaahua i te āhua o tētahi ngota ngota mā te whakamahi i te ariā VSEPR, ka whakamahia te tuhipoka AXE, arā:
– Ko A te tohu mō te ngota pokapū o te ngota.
– Ko X te tohu i te maha o ngā takirua hononga o ngā irahiko e herea ana ki te ngota pokapū.
– Ko E te tohu i te maha o ngā takirua irahiko takitahi i runga i te ngota pokapū.
Āhua o te Ngota Ira e ai ki te Ariā VSEPR
Anei ētahi āhuahanga ngota ngota ka taea te whakaahua mā te whakamahi i te ariā VSEPR i runga i te tuhipoka AXE:
1. Rārangi (AX2):
– Ngā Tauira: BeCl2, CO2.
– I roto i tētahi ngota raina, e rua ngā takirua irahiko honohono e 180 nekehanga te tawhiti tetahi i tetahi. Kāore he takirua irahiko takitahi i runga i te ngota pokapū.
2. Papatoru-ā-Toru (AX3):
– Tauira: BF3.
– I roto i tēnei āhuahanga, ka horahia ngā takirua irahiko honohono e toru puta noa i te papa kotahi i ngā koki 120-tohu. Kāore he takirua irahiko takitahi i runga i te ngota pokapū.
3. Piko, āhua-V rānei (AX2E, AX2E2 rānei):
– Tauira: SO2 (AX2E), H2O (AX2E2).
– I roto i tēnei āhuahanga, e rua ngā takirua irahiko honohono, me tētahi, e rua rānei ngā takirua takitahi. Ka panaia ngā takirua honohono e ngā takirua takitahi, ka hua ake he āhua piko.
4. Tetrahedral (AX4):
– Tauira: CH4.
– E whā ngā takirua irahiko honohono e whakarite ana kia ōrite te koki i te 109.5 nekehanga. Kāore he takirua irahiko takitahi i runga i te ngota pokapū.
5. Piramiti Tapatoru (AX3E):
– Tauira: NH3.
– E toru ngā takirua irahiko honohono, ā, kotahi te takirua takitahi. Ka panaia ngā takirua honohono e ngā takirua takitahi, ka hanga he piramiti tapatoru me te takirua takitahi kotahi ki runga.
6. Te Pipiramira Tapatoru (AX5):
– Tauira: PCl5.
– E rima ngā takirua irahiko honohono, e toru ngā takirua i te papa kotahi (koki 120 nekehanga) me ētahi atu takirua e rua i ngā tūranga tuaka (koki 90 nekehanga).
7. Pīhi (AX4E):
– Tauira: SF4.
– E whā ngā takirua irahiko honohono, ā, kotahi te takirua takitahi. Ka hangaia te āhua o te piupiu nā te mea ka whakarite ngā takirua takitahi i a rātou anō kia whakaitihia te pana.
8. Āhua-T (AX3E2):
– Tauira: ClF3.
– E toru ngā takirua hononga o ngā irahiko, me ngā takirua takitahi e rua, e hanga ana i te āhua-T.
9. Te Āwhata-whā (AX6):
– Tauira: SF6.
– E ono ngā takirua irahiko honohono e horahia ana i ngā tuaka Cartesian e toru i ngā koki 90-tohu. Kāore he takirua takitahi i runga i te ngota pokapū.
10. Tapawhā Piramiti (AX5E):
– Tauira: BrF5.
– E rima ngā takirua irahiko honohono me tētahi takirua irahiko takitahi, e hanga ana i tētahi piramiti tapawhā me tētahi turanga tapawhā.
11. Tapawhā Papatahi (AX4E2):
– Tauira: XeF4.
– E whā ngā takirua irahiko honohono, e rua ngā takirua takitahi, ā, ka puta he āhua papatahi me ngā takirua takitahi kei te ritenga atu o ngā takirua honohono.
Ngā Here me ngā Whakamahinga o te Ariā VSEPR
Ahakoa he tino whai hua te ariā VSEPR, he iti noa iho ōna herenga. Kāore ētahi ngota matatini e rite ki ngā matapae a te VSEPR, inā koa he tino nui te ngota pokapū, he kaha rānei te maha-irahiko o ngā hononga. Hei tauira, kāore te ariā VSEPR i te tika tonu i te matapae i te āhua o ngā ngota e uru ana ki ngā konganuku whakawhiti me ngā orbital-d e uru ana ki te hononga.
Ahakoa tēnei, e kiia tonu ana te VSEPR he taputapu tino whai hua i roto i te mātauranga matū me te tātari hanganga ngota. Kua whānuitia te whakamahinga o tēnei ariā i roto i ngā momo mara matū, tae atu ki te matū waro , te matū kore-waro, me te matū koiora.
Whakamutunga
Ko te ariā VSEPR mō te āhua ngota he huarahi nui, whai hua hoki ki te matapae i te āhua ngota i runga i te maha o ngā takirua irahiko huri noa i te ngota pokapū. Mā te whakamahi i ngā mātāpono taketake o te pana o ngā takirua irahiko me te tuhi AXE, ka taea te matapae tika i ngā āhua ngota i roto i te maha o ngā wā. Ahakoa he iti noa ngā herenga o tēnei ariā, kāore e taea te whakakorekore i tōna whai huatanga i roto i te mātauranga me ngā tono pūtaiao. Mā te mārama ki te VSEPR ka āwhina i a tātou ki te mārama ake ki te hanganga me ngā āhuatanga ngota, ā, hei painga mō te rangahau me te whanaketanga matū tonu.
