### Hītori o te Whanaketanga o te Ariā Atomika
#### Kupu Whakataki
He pou nui te ariā atomika o te matū me te ahupūngao, e āwhina ana i a tātou ki te mārama ki te hanganga me ngā āhuatanga o te matū. Ko te hītori o te ariā atomika e whakaata ana i te haerenga roa o te pūtaiao, mai i te whakaaroaro matatika onamata ki te whakamātautau pūtaiao hou. Ka whakamāramahia e tēnei tuhinga te whanaketanga o ngā ariā atomika mai i Kariki onamata ki te wā o te miihini irahiko, me te whakaatu i ngā kitenga matua me ngā tatauranga i ia wāhanga.
#### Te Tīmatanga: Te Ariā o ngā Atoma i roto i te Rapunga Whakaaro Onamata
I puta tuatahi te ariā o te ngota i roto i te rapunga whakaaro Kariki Tawhito i te rautau 5 BC. Tokorua ngā tohunga whakaaro Kariki, a Leucippus me tana tauira, a Democritus, i whakaaro ko te mea he mea tito mai i ngā matūriki iti, kāore e taea te wehewehe, i huaina e rātou ko "atomos," ko te tikanga "kāore e taea te tapahi" i te reo Kariki. I whakapono rātou ka neke ēnei ngota i roto i te wāhi takoto kau, ka honoa hei hanga i ngā mea katoa o te ao. Ahakoa he whakaaro noa iho tēnei ariā, ehara i te pūtaiao, i mau tonu te whakaaro o ngā ngota hei waeine taketake o te mea mō ngā rautau.
Heoi, kāore i tino whakaaetia ngā ariā atomism e ētahi atu tohunga whakaaro Kariki, pērā i a Aristotle, i tautoko i te tirohanga ko ngā mea matua e whā o te ao: te whenua, te wai, te hau, me te ahi. Ko ngā tirohanga a Aristotle te mea nui rawa atu ki te whakaaro pūtaiao tae noa ki te Waenganui o ngā Tau.
#### Te Huringa Pūtaiao: Te Ariā Atomika a Dalton
I te tīmatanga o te rautau 19, ka tīmata te tere o te whanaketanga o te matū, ā, nā ngā momo whakamātautau i whānau mai ai te ariā atomika hou. Ko tētahi o ngā tino tangata i roto i tēnei whanaketanga ko John Dalton, he kaipūtaiao Ingarihi e mōhiotia ana mō tana ture o ngā ōwehenga tino (te ture a Dalton). I te tau 1803, i whakaurua e Dalton tētahi ariā atomika hou i runga i ngā hua o ngā whakamātautau matū.
He maha ngā kaupapa matua i whakatakotoria e Dalton:
1. He mea hanga te matū ki ngā ngota e kore e taea te hanga, te whakangaro rānei.
2. He ōrite te papatipu me ngā āhuatanga o ngā ngota o tētahi huānga.
3. Ka hangaia ngā matū mai i ngā ngota o ngā huānga rerekē i roto i ngā ōwehenga tauoti māmā.
4. Ko ngā tauhohenga matū e uru ana ki te whakaritenga anō o ngā ngota me te kore e whakarerekē i ngā ngota tonu.
He pūtake pakari tēnei ariā mō te whanaketanga o te matū hou, ā, e āwhina ana hoki i te mārama ki ngā ture o te stoichiometry.
#### Te Kitenga o ngā Irahiko: Tauira Atomika a Thompson
I te mutunga o te rautau 19, nā te kitenga a J.J. Thomson i ngā hihi katote i puta ai he māramatanga hou ki te hanganga ngota . I te tau 1897, i kitea e Thomson ko ngā hihi katote he mea tito mai i ngā matūriki utu kino, e kiia nei e ia ko ngā irahiko. I whakaatuhia e tēnei kitenga ehara ngā ngota i ngā matūriki kore e taea te wehewehe, engari he mea tito mai i ngā wāhanga iti ake.
I whakaaro a Thomson i tētahi tauira ngota hou e mōhiotia ana ko te "tauira parāoa karepe" te "tauira pūtini paramu rānei," arā, ko ngā ngota he porowhita utu pai e marara ana puta noa i te tinana me ngā irahiko e mau ana i roto i a rātou pērā i ngā karepe i roto i te parāoa.
#### Te Tauira Atomika a Rutherford
I te tau 1911, i whakamātauria e Ernest Rutherford, he tohunga ahupūngao nō Aotearoa, te tauira ngota a Thomson me tana whakamātautau marara matūriki ārepa rongonui. I pupuhi a Rutherford i ngā matūriki ārepa ki roto i tētahi paparanga koura angiangi , ā, i tirohia te āhua o tā rātou marara. I whakaatuhia e ngā hua ko te nuinga o ngā matūriki ārepa i puta mā roto i te paparanga koura me te kore e āraia, engari ko ētahi i piko i ngā koki nui.
Mai i ēnei hua, i whakatau a Rutherford ko te nuinga o ngā ngota he wāhi takoto kau me te matua iti, he pai te utu i waenganui, i huaina e ia ko te "karihi". Ka porowhita ngā irahiko i te karihi pērā i ngā aorangi e porowhita ana i te rā. E mōhiotia ana tēnei tauira ko te tauira planetarium o te ngota, ā, i homai he māramatanga nui ki te hanganga o te karihi ngota.
#### Tauira Atomika Bohr
I te tau 1913, i whakatikatika a Niels Bohr, he tohunga ahupūngao nō Tenemāka, i te tauira a Rutherford mā te whakauru i ngā mātāpono mai i te ariā matū hou. I whakaaro a Bohr kia porowhitahia ngā irahiko i te karihi i roto i ngā taumata pūngao motuhake (ngā porowhita matū) ā, ka taea e ia te peke i waenga i ēnei porowhita mā te mimiti, te tuku rānei i ngā photon o te mārama.
I angitu te whakamārama a te tauira Bohr i te whānuitanga o te hauwai, ā, he taahiraa nui tēnei ki te whakauru i te ahupūngao matarohia me te ariā irahiko. Heoi anō, he iti tonu ngā herenga o tēnei tauira ki te whakamārama i ngā whānuitanga ngota uaua ake.
#### Te Whakawhanaketanga o te Hangarau Kuantum
I ngā tau 1920, nā te whanaketanga o te miihini irahiko e ngā tohunga ahupūngao pērā i a Werner Heisenberg, Erwin Schrödinger, me Paul Dirac i tino whakarerekē tō tātou māramatanga ki te hanganga ngota. I whakaatahia e te tauira irahiko o te ngota kāore ngā irahiko e neke i roto i ngā porowhita pumau engari kei roto i ngā porowhita, arā, ngā rohe tūponotanga huri noa i te karihi e kitea ai rātou.
I titoa e Schrödinger tētahi whārite ngaru e whakaahua ana i te rerekētanga o te mahi ngaru o te irahiko i roto i te wāhi me te wā, e whakarato ana i te māramatanga hohonu ake ki te āhua ngaru-matūriki o ngā irahiko. E kī ana te mātāpono koretake a Heisenberg kāore e taea te mōhio ki te tūranga me te nekehanga o te irahiko me te tino mōhio.
#### Tauira Atomika Hou: Tauira Paerewa o ngā Matūriki
I te haurua tuarua o te rautau 20, i whakaatuhia e ngā whanaketanga atu i roto i te ahupūngao matūriki ko te karihi ngota he mea hanga mai i ngā matūriki iti ake e kiia nei ko ngā porotana me ngā iutūniora. He pai te utu o ngā porotana, ko ngā iutūniora ia he kore utu. Ko ēnei matūriki e rua, me ngā irahiko, te hanganga taketake o te ngota.
Hei tāpiri atu ki tēnā, e whakaatu ana te ariā o te mara irahiko me te Tauira Paerewa o te ahupūngao matūriki he mea tito ngā porotona me ngā niutorone i ngā matūriki taketake iti ake e kiia nei ko ngā kuaraka, e herea ana e ngā matūriki kawe-kaha e kiia nei ko ngā kuruona.
#### Whakamutunga
Ko te haerenga roa o te whanaketanga o te ariā atomika, mai i te whakaaroaro matatika onamata ki ngā whakamārama taipitopito o te ahupūngao matū hou, e whakaata ana i te ahunga whakamua whakamiharo o te pūtaiao. Ko ia taahiraa hurihuri me te whanaketanga o te ariā atomika ehara i te mea kua whakarei ake i tō tātou māramatanga ki te āhua taketake o te mea engari kua whakarārangihia hoki te ara mō ngā putanga hangarau e hanga ana i tō tātou ao hou. Mā te haere tonu ki te rangahau me te tūhura i te ao atomika, kei te whakahohehia e tātou ngā kitenga hou kāore i taea te whakaaro i mua.
