# Ngā Momo Tauhohenga Matū me ngā Tauira
Ko te matū he peka pūtaiao e ako ana i te hanganga, te hanganga, ngā āhuatanga, me ngā huringa o te matū. Ko tētahi āhuatanga nui o te matū ko ngā tauhohenga matū. Ko te tauhohenga matū he tukanga e hurihia ai tētahi, ētahi rānei o ngā matū (ngā matū tauhohenga) hei tētahi, ētahi rānei o ngā matū hou (ngā hua). I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka matapakihia e tātou ngā momo tauhohenga matū me ngā tauira.
## 1. Tauhohenga Hanganga
Ko te tauhohenga whakahiato, e mōhiotia ana ko te tauhohenga whakakotahi, he momo tauhohenga matū e honoa ai ngā matū e rua, neke atu rānei, hei hanga i te hua kotahi. Ka taea te whakaatu i tēnei tauhohenga mā te whārite whānui:
\[ A + B \rightarrow AB \]
### Tauira:
\[ 2H_2 + O_2 \perematau 2H_2O \]
I tēnei tauhohenga, ka tauhohe ngā ngota hauwai e rua (H₂) ki te ngota hāora kotahi (O₂) hei hanga i tētahi ngota wai (H₂O).
## 2. Tauhohenga Pirau
Ko te tauhohenga pirau he ritenga kē atu i te tauhohenga hanga. I roto i tēnei tauhohenga, ka pakaruhia tētahi matū kia rua, kia maha atu rānei ngā matū māmā ake. Ko te whārite whānui mō te tauhohenga pirau ko:
\[ AB \rightarrow A + B \]
### Tauira:
\[ 2HgO \rightarrow 2Hg + O_2 \]
I tēnei tauira, ka pirau te waikura mercury(II) (HgO) hei mercury (Hg) me te hāora (O₂) ina werahia.
## 3. Tauhohenga Whakakapinga Kotahi
Ko te tauhohenga whakakapinga kotahi, te tauhohenga whakakapinga kotahi rānei, he momo tauhohenga matū e whakakapia ai e tētahi huānga tētahi atu huānga i roto i tētahi matū. Ko te whārite whānui mō tēnei tauhohenga ko:
\[ A + BC \rightarrow AC + B \]
### Tauira:
\[ Zn + CuSO_4 \perematau ZnSO_4 + Cu \]
I tēnei tauira, ka whakakapia te parahi (Cu) e te konutea (Zn) ki te konutea(II) whanariki (CuSO₄), ka puta ko te konutea whanariki (ZnSO₄) me te parahi (Cu).
## 4. Tauhohenga Whakakapinga Takirua
Ko te tauhohenga whakakapinga takirua e uru ana ki te whakawhiti i ngā katote i waenga i ngā pūhui e rua hei hanga i ngā pūhui hou e rua. Ko te whārite whānui ka tuhia penei:
\[ AB + CD \rightarrow AD + CB \]
### Tauira:
\[ BaCl_2 + Na_2SO_4 \perematau BaSO_4 + 2NaCl \]
I tēnei tauhohenga, ka tauhohe te barium chloride (BaCl₂) ki te konutai sulfate (Na₂SO₄) hei whakaputa i te barium sulfate (BaSO₄) me te konutai chloride (NaCl).
## 5. Tauhohenga tahunga
Ko te tauhohenga mura he momo tauhohenga redox e tauhohe ai tētahi matū (he wahie te nuinga) ki te hāora hei whakaputa pūngao i te āhua o te wera me te mārama. Ko te whārite whānui mō te tauhohenga mura ko:
\[ Wahie + O_2 \rightarrow CO_2 + H_2O \]
### Tauira:
\[ CH_4 + 2O_2 \perematau CO_2 + 2H_2O \]
Ka tauhohe te methane (CH₄) ki te hāora (O₂) hei whakaputa i te hauhā waro (CO₂) me te wai (H₂O).
## 6. Tauhohenga Whakakore
Ko te tauhohenga whakahāngai he tauhohenga i waenganui i te waikawa me te kawakore e whakaputa ana i te tote me te wai. Ka taea te tuhi i te whārite whānui penei:
\[ Waikawa + Kawenga \rightarrow Tote + Wai \]
### Tauira:
\[ HCl + NaOH \perematau NaCl + H_2O \]
Ka tauhohe te waikawa hauwaiora (HCl) ki te hauwaiora konutai (NaOH) hei whakaputa i te konutai pūhaumāota (NaCl) me te wai (H₂O).
## 7. Ngā Tauhohenga Redox
Ko te tauhohenga redox (whakaiti-waikura) he tauhohenga matū e uru ana ki te whakawhiti irahiko i waenga i ngā matū e rua. I roto i tēnei tauhohenga, ka pāngia tētahi matū e te whakaiti (te whiwhi i ngā irahiko) ā, ka pāngia tētahi atu matū e te waikura (te ngaronga o ngā irahiko). Ko tētahi tauira nui o te tauhohenga redox ko te tauhohenga i waenga i te konutai me te haurore:
### Tauira:
\[ 2Na + Cl_2 \pere matau 2NaCl \]
I tēnei tauhohenga, ka waikuratia te konutai (Na) (ka ngaro ngā irahiko) ā, ka whakaititia te māota (Cl₂) (ka riro ngā irahiko) hei hanga i te konutai pūhaumāota (NaCl).
## 8. Ngā Tauhohenga Waikawa-Pūtake
Ko te tauhohenga waikawa-pūtake he tauhohenga e tauhohe ai te waikawa me te pūtake hei whakaputa tote me te wai. Kei roto tēnei tauhohenga i te kāwai o ngā tauhohenga whakakorekore, engari he tino motuhake ake nā te mea kei roto ko te whakawhiti i te pūrotene (H⁺) mai i te waikawa ki te pūtake.
### Tauira:
\[ HNO_3 + KOH \perematau KNO_3 + H_2O \]
Ka tauhohe te waikawa hauota (HNO₃) ki te pāhare pākawa waro (KOH) hei whakaputa i te pāhare pākawa waro (KNO₃) me te wai (H₂O).
## 9. Tauhohenga Ua
Ka puta he tauhohenga maturuturu ina whakaranua ngā wairewa e rua kei roto ngā katote ka taea te hanga i tētahi matū kore-rewa (tīpuna) ina whakaranua. Ko te hua o tēnei tauhohenga he maturuturu, ka puta hei paru.
### Tauira:
\[ AgNO_3 + NaCl \rightarrow AgCl + NaNO_3 \]
Ka tauhohe te pāhare hiriwa (AgNO₃) ki te konutai pūhaumāota (NaCl) hei whakaputa i te pūhaumāota hiriwa (AgCl) he mea whakapūmau, he pāhare konutai pūhaumāota (NaNO₃).
## Te Katinga
He mea nui te mārama ki ngā momo tauhohenga matū me ā rātou tauira hei matapae i ō rātou putanga me te whakamahere i ngā whakamātautau. He āhuatanga ahurei, he tono motuhake hoki tō ia momo tauhohenga i roto i te ahumahi, i te taiwhanga, me te oranga o ia rā. Mā tēnei mōhiotanga, ka taea e tātou te mārama ake ki te ao rauemi e karapoti nei i a tātou, me te pānga o ngā huringa matū ki ngā mea katoa mai i ngā wahie e whakamahia ana e tātou ki ngā tukanga pākia o roto i ō tātou tinana.
Ehara i te mea ko ngā tauhohenga matū anake e puta ana i roto i ngā taiwhanga, i ngā ahumahi rānei. He maha ngā tauhohenga matū e puta ana i te oranga o ia rā, pērā i te pirau kai, te tahunga wahie, te whakaahua i roto i ngā tipu, me te nakunaku i roto i te tinana tangata. Nō reira, mā te ako i ngā momo tauhohenga matū me ā rātou tauira ka taea te whakarato i ngā māramatanga hohonu ki te mahi a te ao rauemi.
