Te Ariā o te Waikawa me te Pūtake Waikawa
Ko te waikura tētahi o ngā tauhohenga matū nui e puta ana i roto i ngā taiao wai, he mahi nui tana i roto i ngā tukanga matū koiora, ahumahi, me te taiao. I roto i te horopaki o ngā waikawa me ngā kawakawa, ko te waikura e pā ana ki tētahi tauhohenga e taunekeneke ai ngā iona o tētahi waikawa, o tētahi kawakawa rānei ki te wai, ka hua ake he huringa i roto i te pH o te otinga. Ka ruku hohonu ake tēnei tuhinga ki te ariā o te waikura waikawa me te kawakawa, ōna tikanga, ngā āhuatanga awe, me ngā tono mahi.
Te Mārama ki te Waiwhakapūngao
Ko te tikanga whānui, ko te waikura te tukanga wawahi i tētahi ngota kia rua, neke atu rānei ngā wāhanga mā te whakamahi i te wai. I ahu mai te kupu i ngā kupu Kariki "hydro," arā, ko te wai, me te "lysis," arā, ko te pakaru. Kāore te waikura e pā ana ki ngā matū waro anake , engari ki ngā tote o ngā waikawa me ngā kawakore anō hoki.
I roto i te horopaki o te waikura waikawa me te turanga , ka arotahi ēnei tauhohenga ki te taunekeneke o ngā katote i ahu mai i ngā tote me te wai. Mena ka hangaia te tote mai i te waikawa ngoikore me te turanga kaha, i te ritenga kē rānei, ka taunekeneke ngā katote hua ki te wai, ka puta he huringa i roto i te kukū o ngā katote hauwai (H⁺) ngā katote hauwai rānei (OH⁻) i roto i te otinga.
Tikanga Whakapūngao Waikawa me te Pūtake
Te Whakapūngao i ngā Tote o ngā Waikawa Ngoikore me ngā Kawenga Kaha
Ka pāngia ngā tote e te waikura ngoikore me te pūtake kaha, pērā i te konutai acetate (CH₃COONa), ka waikuratia te pūtake. Ina rewa te konutai acetate ki te wai, ka puta ngā iona konutai (Na⁺) me ngā iona acetate (CH₃COO⁻):
\[ \text{CH₃COONa} \rightarrow \text{CH₃COO}^- + \text{Na}^+ \]
Ka taunekeneke te iona acetate, hei turanga honohono o te waikawa acetate waikawa ngoikore (CH₃COOH), ki te wai, ka tango i te porotini mai i te ngota wai, ka puta he iona hauwai (OH⁻):
\[ \kuputuhi{CH₃COO}^- + \kuputuhi{H₂O} \rightarrow \kuputuhi{CH₃COOH} + \kuputuhi{OH}^- \]
Ka whakanuia e tēnei tauhohenga te kukū o te OH⁻ i roto i te wairewa, ā, ka noho te wairewa hei matūriki.
Te Whakapūngao i ngā Tote o ngā Waikawa Kaha me ngā Kawenga Ngoikore
He rerekē, ko ngā tote i ahu mai i te waikawa kaha me te turanga ngoikore, pērā i te ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl), ka pāngia e te waikawa. Ina rewa te ammonium chloride ki te wai, ka puta ngā iona ammonium (NH₄⁺) me ngā iona chloride (Cl⁻):
\[ \text{NH₄Cl} \rightarrow \text{NH₄}^+ + \text{Cl}^- \]
Ka taunekeneke te ion ammonia, hei waikawa honohono o te haukini turanga ngoikore (NH₃), ki te wai, ka tukuna he pūrotene, ka puta he ion hauwainiuma (H₃O⁺):
\[ \text{NH₄}^+ + \text{H₂O} \rightarrow \text{NH₃} + \text{H₃O}^+ \]
Ka whakanuia e tēnei tauhohenga te kukū o te H₃O⁺ i roto i te wairewa, ā, ka waikawa te wairewa.
Ngā Take e Pā Ana ki te Wairewatanga
Te Kaha o ngā Waikawa me ngā Kawenga
Ko te nui o te waikura e whakawhirinaki ana ki te kaha o te waikawa, o te turanga rānei o te tote matua. Ko ngā tote i hangaia e te waikawa kaha me te turanga kaha, kāore e tino waikuratia nā te mea kāore ngā katote e taunekeneke ki te wai. He rerekē, ko ngā tote i hangaia e te waikawa ngoikore me te turanga kaha, i te ritenga kē rānei, ka nui ake te waikuratia.
Ka pā anō hoki te kukū tote i roto i te otinga ki te nui o te waikura. I ngā kukū teitei ake, he nui ake ngā katote e wātea ana hei taunekeneke ki te wai. Heoi, i ētahi wā, ka taea e ngā taunekeneke katote, hononga rānei te whakaiti i te nui o te waikura.
Suhu
Ka pā te pāmahana ki te tere o te waikura. Ko te pikinga ake o te pāmahana ka whakanui ake i te tere o ngā tauhohenga matū, tae atu ki te waikura, nā te mea ka tere ake te neke me te tukinga o ngā ngota wai me ngā katote i ngā pāmahana teitei ake.
Tekana
Ahakoa he iti ake te pānga o te pehanga i ērā atu āhuatanga, i ngā taiao tino kino, pērā i ngā tauhohenga pehanga teitei, i ngā tukanga waiariki rānei, ka pā te pehanga ki te tohatoha katote me ngā tere waikura.
Te Pānga o te Wairewa ki te pH o te Wairewa
Ka pā te waikura ki te pH o te wai mā te hanga H₃O⁺, OH⁻ rānei. Mēnā he tote o te waikawa ngoikore me te turanga kaha kei roto i te wai, ka noho te wai hei turanga nā te nui haere o te kukū o te OH⁻. I tetahi atu taha, ka puta he wai waikawa i te tote o te waikawa kaha me te turanga ngoikore.
Ehara i te mea he mea nui noa iho ēnei huringa pH mō ngā tauhohenga matū taiwhanga engari he mea nui anō hoki i roto i te koiora me te rauropi. Hei tauira, i roto i te toto tangata, he mea nui te pumau o te pH mō te mahi a ngā whākōkī me ētahi atu tukanga ā-tinana. Ka taea e te waikura o ētahi katote te whakarerekē i te pH toto, he mea kino ki te hauora.
Ngā Whakamahinga Whaihua o te Waikawa me te Waikawa Turanga
Ahumahi
I roto i te ahumahi, he taahiraa nui te wairākau i roto i ngā tukanga whakaputa maha. Hei tauira, ko te hanga hopi mā te saponification ko te wairākau o ngā triglycerides me te alkali, ka puta te glycerol me te hopi (he tote waikawa ngako).
I roto i te umanga kai, ka puta mai ngā peptide me ngā waikawa amino i te waikura pūmua, he māmā ake te whakauru e te tinana . Ko ētahi hua kai kua whakapūkaratia ka uru te waikura e ngā whākōkī moroiti.
Te Maimoatanga Wai Para
He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia e te maimoatanga wai para te kaupapa o te waikura hei wawahi i ngā matū waro me ngā matū kore-waro . Ka āwhina te waikura ki te wawahi i ngā poke ki ngā āhua māmā ake, kāore i te kino, ka āwhina i te pirau haere tonu.
Ahuwhenua
I roto i te ahuwhenua, ka pā te waikura o ngā tote kohuke i roto i te oneone ki te wātea o ngā matūkai ki ngā tipu. Ka pā tēnei tukanga ki te waikawa o te oneone, ka pā hoki ki te hauora me te tipu o ngā tipu.
Koiora me te Rongoā
I roto i te tinana tangata, he mea nui ngā tauhohenga waikura mō te ora. Hei tauira, ko te waikura o te ATP (adenosine triphosphate) e whakarato ana i te pūngao mō ngā tukanga pūtau maha. Ka mahi anō hoki ngā whākōkī nakunaku mā te waikura, ka wawahi i te kai hei ngota iti ake ka taea te mimiti e te tinana.
Whakamutunga
He ariā matua te waikura waikawa me te kawakore i roto i te matū, ā, he whānui ngā pānga, mai i te taiwhanga ki ngā tono ahumahi me te koiora. Mā te taunekeneke o ngā katote tote me ngā ngota wai, ka taea e te waikura te whakarerekē i te pH o te otinga, ka puta he huringa nui i roto i ngā momo pūnaha matū me te koiora.
Mā te mārama ki ngā tikanga me ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki te waikura ka taea te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o ngā tukanga maha, mai i te whakaputa ahumahi ki te maimoatanga waipara, ā, ka whakaratohia he māramatanga nui ki te koiora me te rongoā. Hei tētahi o ngā tauhohenga matū maha e puta ana i roto i ngā taiao wai, he wāhanga nui o te ora i runga i te Ao te waikura.
