Te Tukanga Hanga Kirihou mai i ngā Pūhui Waro
Ko te kirihou tētahi o ngā rauemi e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā ahumahi me te oranga o ia rā. Nā tōna māmā, ngāwari, ātete wai, me ōna āhuatanga ngāwari ki te whakakorikori, he mea whiriwhiri matua tēnei mō ngā mahi maha, mai i te takai kai ki ngā wāhanga ahumahi taumaha. I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka tūhuratia e mātou te tukanga hanga kirihou mai i ngā matū waro, mai i ngā rauemi mata ki te hua whakamutunga.
1. Pendahuluan
He pūmua ngā kirihou, arā, he ngota nui i hangaia mai i ngā waeine maha e kīia ana ko ngā monomer. Ko te whakapūmuatanga te tukanga matū e hono ana i ēnei monomer hei hanga mekameka pūmua. Ko ngā matū waro tino noa e whakamahia ana hei hanga kirihou ko te hinu me te hau māori, ahakoa kei te piki haere ngā mahi ki te whakamahi i ngā rauemi whakahou.
2. Bahan Baku
2.1 Te Hinu hei Pūtake Matua
Ko te nuinga o ngā kirihou he mea hanga mai i ngā matū hinu i ahu mai i te hinu. Kei roto i te hinu mata ngā momo warowaihā, mā te whakamahine, ka taea te wawahi ki ngā wāhanga iti ake pēnei i te ethylene, te propylene, me te butadiene, ka whakamahia hei monomers i roto i te hanga kirihou.
2.2 Hau Māori
Haunga te hinu, he puna nui anō hoki te hau māori mō te hanga kirihou. Ko te methane, te wāhanga matua o te hau māori, ka taea te huri hei ethylene mā te tukanga e mōhiotia ana ko te pakaru mamaoa.
2.3 Ngā Rauemi Ora Whakahou
He maha ngā mahi kua mahia hei whakaputa kirihou mai i ngā rauemi whakahou pēnei i te māngaro, te cellulose, me ngā hinu huawhenua. Ko ngā kirihou koiora, i hangaia mai i ēnei rauemi rauropi whakahou, he otinga pai ake mō te taiao i ngā kirihou tuku iho.
3. Tukanga Whakapūhui
3.1 Te Whakapūhui Tāpiri
Hei tāpiritanga i te whakapūhuitanga, ka tauhohe ngā monomer me ngā hononga takirua (pērā i te ethylene) ki te hanga i tētahi pūhuitanga mā te tukanga tāpiri. Kāore he hua taha e puta mai i tēnei momo whakapūhuitanga. Ko ngā tauira noa o ngā kirihou e puta mai ana i te whakapūhuitanga tāpiri ko te polyethylene me te polypropylene.
Te Tukanga Whakapūhui Ethylene:
1. Te Whakaritenga Monomer: Ka hangaia te ethylene mā te tukanga pakaru hauwai.
2. Tīmatanga: Te tāpiri i tētahi tīmatanga (hei tauira, ngā rauropi kore utu, ngā waikawa, ngā kawa rānei) hei tīmata i te tauhohenga whakapūhui.
3. Te Whakatipu: Ka honoa tonutia ngā monomer ethylene hei hanga mekameka roa o te polyethylene.
4. Whakamutu: Ka mutu te tukanga mā te tāpiri i tētahi matū hei whakamutu i te tauhohenga.
3.2 Te Whakapūhuitanga o te Whakapūngao
I roto i te whakapūhuitanga konupūnga, e rua ngā momo monomer rerekē ka honoa hei hanga i tētahi polymer me tētahi hua taha (ko te nuinga he wai, he methanol rānei). Ko te nairona me te polyester ngā tauira noa o ngā kirihou i hangaia mā te whakapūhuitanga konupūnga.
Te Tukanga Whakapūhui Nairona:
1. Te Whakarite i ngā Monomers: Ka whakaritea ngā Monomers pēnei i te waikawa adipic me te hexamethylenediamine.
2. Tauhohenga Hanga Pūmua: Ka tauhohe ngā pūmua e rua hei whakaputa i ngā mekameka roa o te nairona me te wai hei hua taha.
3. Te Whakama: Ka purea te nairona hua mai i ngā hua taha mā te horoi me te whakamaroke.
4. Tukanga Whakaputa me te Hanga
Kia oti te hanga o te pūhui, ka rewa te kirihou i te āhua o ngā paura, ngā pirepire rānei, ā, ka hangaia hei hua mutunga mā roto i ngā tikanga hanga maha pēnei i:
4.1 Te Whakaputa
Ko te whakaputanga he tukanga e rewa ai ngā pirepire kirihou, ka panaia mā roto i te mata hei hanga i tētahi hua me te āhua tonu pērā i te paipa, te rau, te kiriata rānei.
4.2 Te Hanga Werohanga
Ko tēnei tukanga ko te werohanga i te kirihou rewa ki roto i tētahi pokepokea ai i te pēhanga teitei hei hanga i ngā hua tuwhera, totoka rānei pērā i ngā taonga tākaro, ngā ipu, me ngā wāhanga motuka.
4.3 Te Whakapūtanga Pupuhi
I roto i te whakahāngai pupuhi, ka hangaia ngā ngongo kirihou rewa, ka pupuhihia ki te hau kōpeke hei whakaputa i ngā mea tuwhera pēnei i ngā pounamu.
4.4 Te Hanga Hurihuri
Ka whakamahia e tēnei tikanga he pokepokea ai e hurihuri ana i runga i ngā toki maha hei tohatoha i te kirihou rewa kia ōrite puta noa i te mata o roto o te pokepokea ai, ka puta ai he hua tuwhera pēnei i ngā tāke wahie me ngā taonga tākaro nunui.
5. Ngā Āhuatanga o te Kirihou
5.1 Polyethylene (PE)
Ko te polyethylene te kirihou e whakamahia whānuitia ana, ā, ka kitea i roto i ngā āhua maha pērā i te LDPE (Low-Density Polyethylene) me te HDPE (High-Density Polyethylene). Ka whakamahia te PE i roto i ngā putea hokohoko, ngā pounamu, me ngā paipa.
5.2 Polypropylene (PP)
E mōhiotia ana te polypropylene mō tōna kaha kume me tōna ātete matū. E whakamahia ana te PP i roto i ngā hua motuka, ngā ipu kai, me ngā taputapu hauora.
5.3 Porotireini (PS)
Ka taea te hanga i te polystyrene hei tioata mārama, hei pahuka rānei. Ka whakamahia te PS tioata i roto i ngā takai kai mārama, ko te PS pahuka ia (Styrofoam) ka whakamahia i roto i ngā takai tiaki me ngā rauemi whakamahana.
5.4 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
He kirihou maha ngā whakamahinga o te PVC, ka taea te whakapakeke, te whakangawari rānei mā te whakamahi i ngā mea whakapūmau kirihou. Ka whakamahia te PVC pakari mō ngā paipa me ngā matapihi, ko te PVC ngāwari ia ka whakamahia mō ngā waea hiko me ngā papa winīra.
6. Te Whakahaere Para Kirihou
6.1 Te hangarua
Ko te hangarua he tukanga huri i ngā para kirihou hei rauemi hou, hei hua hou rānei. Ka kohia te kirihou hangarua, ka wahia hei pirepire, kātahi ka rewa kia hangaia anō.
6.2 Kirihou Pirau-koiora
He maha ngā auahatanga hou e aro ana ki te whakawhanake i ngā kirihou pirau ka taea te wawahi e ngā moroiti i roto i te taiao, hei whakaiti i te taumaha o ngā para kirihou i roto i ngā whenua ururua.
6.3 Pūngao mai i te Para
He maha ngā hangarau hou e āhei ai te huri i ngā para kirihou hei pūngao mā roto i ngā tukanga pēnei i te pyrolysis, e huri ai te kirihou hei hinu wahie hangai, hei hau rānei.
7. Whakamutunga
He maha ngā mahi o te hanga kirihou mai i ngā matū waro, mai i te tango me te purenga o te monomer, mā te polymerization, tae noa ki te hanganga o te hua whakamutunga. I te whanaketanga o te hangarau me te pikinga ake o te mōhiotanga ki te taiao, kei te haere tonu ngā mahi ki te whakawhanake i ngā kirihou mai i ngā rauemi whakahou me ngā tikanga hangarua whai hua. Ahakoa kua whakaratohia e ngā kirihou he painga nui ki te hapori hou, ko ngā wero ki te whakahaere i ā rātou para e hiahia ana ki te auahatanga kawenga me te pumau.
