Me pēhea te whakatau i te papatipu molar o tētahi huānga
Pendahuluan
I roto i te matū, he maha ngā tātaitanga nui e whakawhirinaki ana ki tētahi ariā matua: te papatipu molar. He maha ngā wā ka puta ake tēnei kupu ina ako ana i ngā tauhohenga matū, te stoichiometry, ngā otinga, me ngā hau. Ahakoa he āhua hangarau te ahua, he tino ngāwari te mārama ki te papatipu molar mēnā ka mārama koe ki te tikanga o te "mole" me pēhea te tātai. te pānui i te ripanga ā-pūmotuKa matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga te huarahi hei whakatau i te papatipu molar o tētahi huānga, tae atu ki ngā mahi, ngā tauira, me ngā tohutohu hei karo i ngā hapa.
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He aha te Papatipu Molar?
Ko te papatipu molar te papatipu o te 1 mole o tētahi matū, e whakaatuhia ana i roto i te karamu mō ia mole (g/mol). I taua wā, ko te 1 mole te nui o te matū kei roto he 6,022 × 10²³ o ngā matūriki (ngota, ngota, iona rānei). E mōhiotia ana tēnei tau ko te tau a Avogadro.
I roto i ngā huānga, ko ngā "matūriki" e kōrerohia ana ko ngā ngota. Nō reira, ko te papatipu molar o tētahi huānga ko te papatipu o te 1 mol o ngā ngota o taua huānga.
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Te whanaungatanga i waenga i te papatipu molar me te Ripanga Āhua
Ko te huarahi tino whaihua ki te whakatau i te papatipu molar o tētahi huānga ko te whakamahi i te ripanga ā-pūmotu. He uara papatipu ngota (Ar) ō ia huānga i roto i te ripanga ā-pūmotu, e tuhia ana hei tau ira (hei tauira, 12,01 mō te waro).
Ngā kōrero matua hei maumahara:
– Ko te uara o Ar i roto i te ripanga ā-pūmotu (wae u) he ōrite ki te papatipu molar o te huānga (g/mol).
– Arā, mēnā ko te Ar o te hāora he 16,00, ko te papatipu molar o te hāora he 16,00 g/mol.
He aha i rite ai rāua? Nā te mea he rite tonu ngā whakamāramatanga o te papatipu ngota me te ira: he rite te papatipu (i roto i te karamu) o te ira kotahi o ngā ngota o tētahi huānga ki tōna papatipu ngota.
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Ngā Hipanga hei Whakatau i te Papatipu Molar o tētahi Huānga
Anei ngā mahi māmā ka taea e koe te whai:
1. Whakatauhia te huānga e hiahia ana koe ki te kimi i tōna papatipu molar.
Hei tauira: Fe (rino), Na (konutai), Al (konumohe), me ētahi atu.
2. Kimihia te huānga i runga i te ripanga ā-pūmotu.
Kia tino kitea e koe ngā tohu me ngā ingoa tika o ngā huānga.
3. Pānuihia te uara papatipu ngota whanaunga (Ar)
Kei raro rawa, kei te taha rānei o te tohu huānga (kei te hoahoa o te ripanga ā-pūmotu).
4. Hurihia ngā waeine ki te g/mol (i roto i te ariā)
Kāore ngā tau e rerekē. Me whakarerekē noa te horopaki o te waeine:
– Ar i roto i ngā “waeine papatipu ngota (u)”
– Papatipu molar i roto i te "karamu mō ia mole (g/mol)"
5. Tuhia te papatipu molar ki ngā waeine tika.
Kia maumahara ki te tuhi i ngā waeine i ngā wā katoa, nā te mea ko ngā waeine te mea e whakatau ana i te tikanga o te tatau.
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Tauira mō te Whakatau i te Papatipu Molar o ētahi Huānga
Tauira 1: Papatipu molar o te waro (C)
I roto i te ripanga ā-pūmotu, ko te Ar o te waro ≈ 12,01
Kātahi ka 12,01 karamu/mol te papatipu molar o te waro
Ko te tikanga tēnei: 12,01 karamu te taumaha o te 1 ira o ngā ngota waro.
Tauira 2: Papatipu molar o te konutai (Na)
Ar konutai ≈ 22,99
Papatipu molar o Na = 22,99 g/mol
Tauira 3: Papatipu molar o te rino (Fe)
Rino Ar ≈ 55,85
Papatipu molar o Fe = 55,85 g/mol
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He aha mēnā ko ngā huānga Āhua Ngota?
Kāore ētahi huānga o te taiao e noho takitahi ana i ngā wā katoa. Hei tauira:
– Kei te āhua o te O₂ te hāora i te hau
– Te hauota i te āhua o te N₂
– Te hauwai i te āhua o te H₂
– He hauota i te āhua o te Cl₂
Engari e rua ngā horopaki o te pātai "papatipu molar o tētahi huānga":
1. Papatipu molar o tētahi ngota huānga (hei tauira, O anake)
2. Papatipu molar o te āhua ngota ngota o tētahi huānga (hei tauira, O₂)
Mena ko te papatipu molar o tētahi huānga hei ngota te tikanga, whakamahia tika a Ar.
Ki te mea ko te āhua ngota ngota tāu e kōrero nei, tātaihia kia rite ki tētahi matū: tāpirihia te Ar e ai ki te maha o ngā ngota.
Tauira: Papatipu molar o O₂
ArO = 16,00
E rua ngā ngota O i roto i te O₂
Kātahi ka puta te papatipu molar o O₂ = 2 × 16,00 = 32,00 g/mol
Tauira: Papatipu molar o N₂
Ar N = 14,01
Papatipu molar N₂ = 2 × 14,01 = 28,02 g/mol
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Te Whakamahi i te Papatipu Molar i roto i ngā Tātaitanga Taketake
Kia kitea te papatipu molar, ka taea e tātou te whakamahi hei huri i te papatipu ↔ moles, mā te whakamahi i te tātai:
\[
n = \frac{m}{M}
\]
Ngā Mōhiohio:
– \( n \) = te maha o ngā mole (mol)
– \( m \) = te papatipu o te matū (karamu)
– \( M \) = papatipu molar (g/mol)
Tauira: E hia ngā mole kei roto i te 10 karamu o te Fe?
Papatipu molar o Fe = 55,85 g/mol
\[
n = \frac{10}{55,85} \approx 0,179 \text{ mol}
\]
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Tohutohu hei karo i ngā hapa i te whakatau i te papatipu molar o ngā huānga
Anei ētahi hapa e kitea whānuitia ana, me pēhea hoki te karo i aua hapa:
1. Te hē o te mārama ki te papatipu ngota me te papatipu molar
– Papatipu ngota: te papatipu o te ngota kotahi (he iti rawa te ariā)
– Papatipu molar: papatipu o te 1 mol o ngā ngota (i roto i te karamu)
He rite tonu ngā tau, engari he rerekē te tikanga.
2. I wareware ki te tuhi i ngā waeine g/mol
I roto i ngā tataunga matū, he mea tino nui ngā waeine hei karo i ngā hapa i roto i ngā hua.
3. Te hē o te pānui i te ripanga ā-pūmotu
Kia tino pānuihia te papatipu ngota whanaunga, kaua te tau ngota.
– He iti noa ngā tau katoa o ngā tau atomika (hei tauira, O = 8)
– Ko te papatipu ngota whanaunga he ira tekau nui ake (hei tauira, O = 16,00)
4. Te kore e aro ki te āhua o ngā huānga o te taiao
Hei tauira, ki te pātaihia koe mō te papatipu molar o te "hāora" ā, ko te horopaki ko te hau O₂, whakamahia te 32 g/mol, kaua te 16 g/mol.
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Whakamutunga
He pūkenga taketake te whakatau i te papatipu molar o tētahi huānga i roto i te matū. Ko te huarahi māmā ko te pānui i te papatipu ngota whanaunga (Ar) i runga i te ripanga ā-pūmotu, kātahi ka tuhia hei papatipu molar i roto i te g/mol. Mō ngā huānga kei roto i te āhua ngota, pērā i te O₂, te N₂ rānei, ka tatauhia te papatipu molar mā te whakarea i te Ar ki te maha o ngā ngota i roto i te ngota.
Mā te mārama ki te ariā o ngā ira , te pānui tika i te ripanga ā-pūmotu, me te whakaharatau i ētahi tauira, ka māmā ake māu te whakaoti i ngā tātaitanga matū e pā ana ki te papatipu, ngā ira, me ngā tauhohenga.
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Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te hanga i tētahi putanga "poto ake mō ngā tuhipoka kura" o tēnei tuhinga, ka taea rānei e au te tāpiri i ngā pātai whakaharatau me ō rātou whakamārama.
