He aha te Ture a Raoult i roto i te Matū?
I roto i te matū, inā koa i roto i te ako i ngā otinga me ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana o ngā ranunga, he ariā nui e whakamahia ana hei whakamārama i te rerekētanga o te pēhanga kohu o tētahi matū ina konatunatua ki tētahi atu matū. E mōhiotia ana tēnei ariā ko te Ture a Raoult. Ko tēnei ture te pūtake mō te mārama ki ngā āhuatanga o ia rā me ngā tukanga ahumahi, pērā i te hanga hinu kakara, te purenga waipiro, me ngā mātāpono mahi o te whakatō. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga te whakamāramatanga o te Ture a Raoult, tōna tauira, ngā tauira o tōna whakamahinga, ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki a ia, me ōna herenga.
Te Mārama ki te Ture a Raoult
Ko te ture a Raoult he ture e kī ana ko te pēhanga hauā o tētahi wāhanga i roto i tētahi otinga pai he rite ki te hautanga ira o taua wāhanga i roto i te otinga. I tuatahitia tēnei ture e te matū Wīwī, a François-Marie Raoult, i te mutunga o te rautau 19 i a ia e ako ana i ngā āhuatanga o ngā otinga.
I roto i ngā kupu māmā noa iho, ka āwhina te Ture a Raoult ki te whakautu i te pātai: "Mēnā ka konatunatua he whakarewa ki tētahi atu matū, ka pēhea te rerekētanga o te pēhanga kohu o te whakarewa?" Ko te whakautu: ka heke te pēhanga kohu o te whakarewa i runga anō i te ōwehenga o te whakarewa kei roto i te ranunga.
Te Tātai Ture a Raoult
Mō tētahi otinga tino pai e rua ngā wāhanga (hei tauira, A me B), ka taea te tuhi i te Ture a Raoult penei:
\[
P_A = X_A \cdot P_A^0
\]
Ngā Mōhiohio:
– \( P_A \) = te pēhanga kohu wāhanga o te wāhanga A i roto i te otinga
– \( X_A \) = te haurua ira o te wāhanga A i roto i te otinga
– \( P_A^0 \) = te pēhanga kohu o te wāhanga parakore A (i te pāmahana kotahi)
Mena kei roto i tētahi otinga he wāhanga e rua e tere ana te mimiti (he ngāwari te mimiti), ka whakaatuhia te pēhanga kohu katoa o te otinga penei:
\[
P_{katoa} = P_A + P_B = X_A \cdot P_A^0 + X_B \cdot P_B^0
\]
Nō reira, ko te pēhanga kohu katoa o te otinga ko te tapeke o ngā pēhanga kohu wāhanga o ia wāhanga.
Te Ariā o te Wāhanga Mole i roto i te Ture a Raoult
Ko te hautanga ira te ōwehenga o te maha o ngā ira o tētahi wāhanga ki te tapeke o ngā ira o ngā wāhanga katoa i roto i tētahi otinga. Ko te tātai ko:
\[
X_A = \frac{n_A}{n_A + n_B}
\]
Ngā Mōhiohio:
– \( n_A \) = te maha o ngā mole o te wāhanga A
– \( n_B \) = te maha o ngā mole o te wāhanga B
Kei waenganui i te 0 me te 1 te uara o te hautanga ira. Mēnā he nui te hautanga ira o tētahi wāhanga, he nui anō hoki tōna takoha ki te pēhanga kohu o te wairewa.
Tauira o te Tātaitanga Ture a Raoult
Hei tauira, ka hangaia he otinga mai i ngā wāhanga A (whakarewa) me B (wairewa pūngāwerewere). E mōhiotia ana:
– \( X_A = 0{,}7 \)
– \( P_A^0 = 100 \) mmHg
Kātahi ko te pēhanga kohu wāhanga o A i roto i te otinga ko:
\[
P_A = X_A \cdot P_A^0 = 0{,}7 \cdot 100 = 70 \text{ mmHg}
\]
Ko te tikanga o tēnei ka heke te pēhanga kohu o te whakarewa A mai i te 100 mmHg (ina parakore) ki te 70 mmHg i muri i te whakaranua ki te wairewa.
Mena he āhua pōturi hoki a B, hei tauira \( X_B = 0{,}3 \) me \( P_B^0 = 50 \) mmHg:
\[
P_B = 0{,}3 \cdot 50 = 15 \text{ mmHg}
\]
Nō reira, ko te pēhanga kohu katoa o te otinga ko:
\[
P_{katoa} = 70 + 15 = 85 mmHg
\]
Te Hononga i waenga i te Ture a Raoult me te Whakahekenga o te Pēhanga Kohu
Ko tētahi o ngā whakamahinga rongonui o te Ture a Raoult ko te whakamārama i te hekenga o te pēhanga kohu ina tāpirihia he matū kore-pūngoi ki tētahi matū pūngoi. Nā te mea kāore te matū kore-pūngoi e whai wāhi ki te pēhanga kohu, he iti iho te pēhanga kohu o te otinga i tō te matū parakore.
I roto i te mahi, ina "kī tonu" te mata o te otinga i ngā matūriki matūriki, ka heke te maha o ngā ngota whakarewa ka taea te mawhiti ki te āhua hau. Nō reira, ka heke te pēhanga kohu. Koinei te pūtake o ngā āhuatanga whakapūmau o ngā otinga pērā i:
– te hekenga o te pēhanga kohu
– whakanui te pūwāhi kohua
– te whakahekenga o te ira tio
– te pēhanga osmotic
Ngā Tikanga mō te Whakamahi i te Ture a Raoult (Otinga Pai)
Kāore ngā otinga katoa e tino whai i te Ture a Raoult. Ka pā tēnei ture ki ngā otinga tino pai, arā, ki ngā otinga e tutuki ana i ngā whakaritenga e whai ake nei:
1. He tata rite te kaha kukume i waenga i ngā ngota rite me ngā ngota rerekē.
Hei tauira, he ōrite te kaha i waenga i a A–A, B–B, me A–B.
2. Kāore he tauhohenga matū e puta ana i waenga i ngā wāhanga o te otinga.
3. Kāore e nui ngā panonitanga o te rōrahi ina whakaranua.
4. Te pāmahana pumau (he tino whakawhirinaki te pēhanga kohu ki te pāmahana, nō reira ka mahia ngā tataunga i te pāmahana kotahi).
Ko ngā tauira o ngā otinga e whakatata ana ki te pai rawa atu ko ngā ranunga o ngā matū he rite ngā hanganga me ngā polarity, hei tauira ko ētahi ranunga o ngā warowaihā.
Ngā rerekētanga mai i te Ture a Raoult
I roto i te mahi, he maha ngā otinga tūturu e rerekē ana i te Ture a Raoult. Kua wehea ēnei rerekētanga ki:
1. Te Huringa Pai
Ka puta ina nui ake te pēhanga kohu katoa o tētahi otinga i tā te Ture a Raoult i matapae. Ko te tikanga o tēnei he ngoikore ake ngā taunekeneke i waenga i ngā ngota rerekē (A–B) i ērā i waenga i ngā ngota rite (A–A, B–B rānei). Ka māmā ake te mimiti o ngā ngota, ka piki ake te pēhanga kohu. He tauira noa: ka whakaatuhia tēnei whanonga e te ranunga etanoru me te wai i ētahi hanganga, ā, ka taea te hanga i tētahi azeotrope.
2. Te Hurihanga Kino
Ka puta ina iti iho te pēhanga kohu katoa i te mea i matapaetia e te Ture a Raoult. Ka puta tēnei ina kaha ake ngā kaha kukume A–B, nō reira ka "pupuri" ake ngā ngota i roto i te āhua wai, ā, ka iti ake te tūponotanga kia mimiti. Hei tauira, he rerekētanga kino te ranunga o te acetone me te chloroform nā ngā taunekeneke kaha (hei tauira, ngā here hauwai).
Te Tūranga o te Ture a Raoult i roto i te Whakatōtō me te Ahumahi
He mea nui te ture a Raoult i roto i te hoahoa i ngā tukanga mō te wehewehe i ngā ranunga wai, inā koa te whakapūtanga. Ka whakamahia e te whakapūtanga ngā rerekētanga o te piki me te heke o ngā wāhanga. Mā te mārama ki ngā pēhanga kohu wāhanga o ia wāhanga, ka taea e ngā kaipūtaiao me ngā miihini te matapae i te hanganga o te kohu i hangaia i runga ake i te otinga.
Ko ngā tono tūturu ko:
– te purenga waipiro i roto i ngā ahumahi inu me te rongoā
– te tukatuka hinu mā te whakahoroi wāhanga
– te hanga hinu kakara me ngā kakano e whakamahi ana i te ranunga o ngā matū pupuhi
– te hangarau matū i roto i ngā tataunga taurite kohu-wai
Ngā Here o te Ture a Raoult
Ahakoa he tino whai hua, he maha ngā herenga o te Ture a Raoult, arā:
– kāore i te tika mō ngā otinga he kaha ngā taunekeneke (hei tauira, ngā otinga electrolyte, ngā otinga he nui ngā hononga hauwai)
– kāore e tika ana mō ngā kukū tino tiketike i roto i ngā pūnaha kāore i te tino pai
– kāore e taea te whakamārama i te whanonga o ngā otinga e hanga ana i ngā azeotrop me te kore he ariā tāpiri (hei tauira, ngā tauwehenga ngohe)
I ngā wā maha, ka whakamahia e ngā kaipūtaiao ngā whakatikatika pēnei i ngā tauwehenga ngohe (i roto i te thermodynamics otinga) kia tika ake ai ngā matapae.
Whakamutunga
Ko te ture a Raoult he mātāpono taketake i roto i te matū otinga e kī ana ko te pēhanga hauhautanga wāhanga o tētahi wāhanga i roto i tētahi otinga pai he rite tonu ki tōna haurua ira. Mā tēnei ture ka taea e tātou te mārama ki te whakahekenga o te pēhanga hauhautanga, te matapae i te pēhanga hauhautanga katoa o tētahi ranunga, me te whakamārama i ngā tukanga wehewehenga pēnei i te whakatōtō. Heoi, ko tēnei ture te mea tino tika mō ngā otinga pai, ā, ka taea te whakarerekē i roto i ngā otinga tūturu me ngā taunekeneke ngota kaha, matatini rānei.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea hoki e au te āwhina ki te waihanga i tētahi putanga māmā ake o te tuhinga mō ngā ākonga kura tuarua, i tētahi putanga hōhonu ake rānei me te matapakinga o ngā tauwehenga ngohe me ngā hoahoa ā-wāhanga.
