Ngā Tikanga Hou i roto i te Rārangi Ngāherehere
He tūāpapa nui te rarangi taonga ngahere mō te whakahaere rauemi ngahere pumau. Mā te rarangi taonga, ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere te whakatau i te āhua o ngā tūnga rakau, te kaha o te rakau, te kanorau koiora, ngā taonga waro, tae atu ki te taumata hauora o te rauropi. I mua, he rite tonu te rarangi taonga ki ngā inenga mara he nui te wā, he utu nui, he iti hoki te whānuitanga. Heoi, kua tino hurihia e ngā whanaketanga hangarau i ngā tekau tau e rua kua pahure ake nei te huarahi mahi o ngā rarangi taonga ngahere. Mā ngā tikanga hou ka taea te kohikohi raraunga tere ake, tika ake, me te auau ake, kia māmā ake ai te aroturuki i ngā huringa ngahere i roto i te wā. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga ngā tikanga hou mō te rarangi taonga ngahere, ō rātou painga, me ngā wero o te whakatinanatanga.
1. Te Tūranga o te Rārangi Ngāherehere i te Wā o te Whakahaere Tauwhiro
Ehara i te tatau noa i te rahinga rakau te rarangi taonga ngahere. I roto i te horopaki o te whakahaere hou, ko te whāinga o te rarangi taonga ko te tautoko i te whakamahere rakau, te whakaora, te tiaki i ngā kararehe mohoao , te whakaiti i te huringa āhuarangi, me te tutuki i ngā tiwhikete pēnei i te FSC, te PEFC rānei. Mā te raraunga rarangi taonga pai ka āwhina i te whakautu i ngā pātai matua: e hia te nui o te ngahere e toe ana, he aha te hanganga o ōna momo, kei te heke te kounga, me te nui o te waro e rongoa ana?
Ko te uaua haere o ngā raraunga me hiahia ki ngā tikanga e taea ai te mahere taipitopito i ngā āhuatanga o te ngahere me te tauine whānui. Nō reira, kua puta ake ngā tikanga hou hei tāpiri—hei whakakapi rānei—i ngā tikanga tuku iho pēnei i ngā kauwhata tauira ā-ringa me ngā inenga whānui me te teitei tuku iho.
2. Te Pūrongo Mamao Amiorangi: Te Aroturuki i ngā Ngāherehere mai i te Wāhi
Kua noho ko ngā amiorangi tētahi o ngā hangarau tino whai mana i roto i te rarangi taonga ngahere. Mā ngā whakaahua amiorangi taumira-waenga, pērā i a Landsat me Sentinel, ka taea te aroturuki i te uhi whenua, te huringa ngahere, me te kimi i te whakangaromanga ngahere. Mō ngā raraunga taipitopito ake, ka taea e ngā whakaahua taumira-teitei mai i ngā kaiwhakarato arumoni te whakaatu i te hanganga whenua, ngā rohe tū, tae atu ki ngā āhuatanga o te tuanui.
Ko ngā painga matua o ngā amiorangi ko te whānuitanga o te kapinga me te wātea o ngā raraunga auau, e pai ai mō te aroturuki i ngā huringa i roto i te wā. Mā te tātari i ngā tohu tipu pēnei i te NDVI, te EVI rānei, ka taea e ngā kairangahau te whakatau tata i te hauora me te hua o ngā tipu. Hei tāpiri, ka taea e ngā tikanga whakarōpū e ahu mai ana i te ako mīhini te whakarōpū i ngā momo uhi whenua me te wehewehe i ngā ngahere tuatahi, ngā ngahere tuarua, ngā māra, me ngā whenua rakau iti.
Heoi, he iti noa ngā herenga o ngā amiorangi: he maha ngā wā ka whakararuraru te taupoki kapua i ngā rohe pārūrū i ngā tirohanga whatu. Hei whakatika i tēnei, he maha ngā kaupapa e whakakotahi ana i ngā whakaahua whatu me te radar (SAR), ka taea te uru ki ngā kapua me te whakarato i ngā mōhiohio hanganga whai hua, inā koa i ngā wāhi e taupokina ana e te taupoki kapua.
3. Hangarau LiDAR: Te Ine i te Hanganga o te Ngāherehere i ngā Ahu-Toru
He hangarau te LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) e ine ana i te tawhiti mā te whakamahi i ngā pāorooro laser. He mea tino nui te LiDAR i roto i te rarangi taonga ngahere nā te mea ka taea e ia te whakaputa tauira toru-ahu o te tuanui me te mata o te whenua. Nō reira, ka taea te whakamahi i te LiDAR hei whakatau tata i te teitei o te rākau, te mātotoru o te tuanui, te rahinga o te koiora, me te uaua o te hanganga o te ngahere—he tawhā uaua ki te tiki mai i te whakaahua 2D anake.
Ka taea te whakairi i te LiDAR ki runga i ngā waka rererangi (LiDAR rererangi), ngā waka rererangi kore, tae atu ki ngā taputapu ringaringa mō te mahere taipitopito. Ka puta mai i ngā raraunga LiDAR ngā hua pēnei i te Tauira Whenua Mamati (DTM) mō ngā āhua whenua me te Tauira Teitei o te Taupoki (CHM) mō te teitei o te taupoki. Mā te whakakotahi i ngā raraunga LiDAR me ngā inenga o te mara, ka taea te whakawhanake i ngā tauira allometric hei tatau tika ake i te koiora me ngā putunga waro.
Ko ngā arai matua ki a LiDAR ko ngā utu hoko me ngā whakaritenga rorohiko teitei. Heoi, ko te pikinga ake o te utu mō ngā pūoko rererangi me te pikinga ake o ngā ratonga tukatuka kapua kei te tīmata ki te whakangāwari ake i te urunga atu ki a LiDAR.
4. Drone (UAV): Ngāwari, Taipitopito hoki mō te Tauine Waenga
He otinga ngāwari ngā waka rererangi kore-kaimahi, ngā waka rererangi kore-kaimahi rānei, mō ngā taonga tauine-waenga. Ka taea e ngā waka rererangi kore-kaimahi te kawe i ngā kāmera RGB, maha-tirotiro, wera, tae noa ki ngā kāmera LiDAR iti. Ko ō rātou painga kei roto i tō rātou taumira ā-wāhi tino teitei me te kaha ki te rere i ngā wā e hiahiatia ana me te kore e tatari ki te whakaritenga amiorangi.
Mā te whakamahi i ngā waka rererangi, ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere ngahere te mahere taipitopito i ngā rohe poraka, i ngā whatunga rori, i ngā rohe poro rakau, me ngā āhuatanga o te tuanui. Mā ngā tikanga whakaahua ka taea te hanga i ngā mahere orthomosaic me ngā tauira mata (DSM) mai i ngā rau whakaahua e taupatupatu ana. Ka āwhina hoki ngā kāmera maha-tirohanga ki te aromatawai i te hauora o te tipu, te ahotea wai, me ngā whakaekenga pepeke mā te tātaritanga tirohanga.
Heoi, me mātua mōhio te kaiwhakahaere, me whai whakaaetanga rere, me whai mahere kaupapa tika hoki mō te whakamahi i ngā waka rererangi kore-taro. Ka pāngia hoki te haumaru me te kounga o ngā raraunga e ngā āhuatanga o te rangi me te whenua.
5. Ngā Pūnaha Mōhiohio Matawhenua (GIS): Te Whakauru i ngā Raraunga ki roto i ngā Mōhiohio
Ko ngā tikanga tātari ngahere hou e whakamahi ana i te GIS hei wāhi mahi matua. Mā te GIS ka taea te whakauru i ngā raraunga parae, ngā whakaahua amiorangi, ngā raraunga LiDAR, me ngā raraunga drone ki roto i tētahi pūnaha kotahi, kua whakaritea. I roto i te GIS, ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere te mahi tātari ā-wāhi pēnei i te tatau i te rohe, te tautuhi i ngā rohe tiaki, te waihanga mahere mōrearea ahi , te hoahoa rānei i ngā mahere rākau kua tohua.
Mā te GIS ka taea te whakahou i ngā raraunga i ia wā. Mēnā he pūnaha pātengi raraunga ā-wāhi pai, ehara te rarangi taonga i te mahi kotahi-wā engari he tukanga hihiri e whakahoutia tonutia ana i runga i ngā hiahia whakahaere.
6. Ngā Taupānga Waea me ngā Taonga Mamati i te Marae
Me whai tonu te rarangi raraunga mō ngā momo tipu, te whānui, te teitei, te kounga o te kakau, me ngā āhuatanga whakaora. Heoi, kua piki haere te maha o ngā mahi matihiko i tēnei wā. Ka taea te whakamahi i ngā taupānga pūkoro Android/iOS hei tuhi raraunga mō te whenua, hei tango whakaahua, hei tuhi taunga GPS, hei tukuake raraunga tika ki te tūmau.
Mā te whakamahi i ngā puka matihiko ka whakaitihia ngā hapa tuhi, ka tere ake te tukatuka raraunga, ā, ka whakahaere i ngā arotake. Ka honoa ētahi pūnaha ki ngā mapi tuimotu, ka taea ai e ngā tīma mara te whakatere ki ngā kauwhata tauira me te kore e whakawhirinaki ki te hononga ipurangi.
7. Te Mātauranga Horihori me te Ako Mīhini: Te Tukatuka Raraunga Nui
He nui ngā raraunga ka whakaputaina e ngā hangarau hou. Koinei te wāhi e whai wāhi mai ai te mātauranga horihori (AI) me te ako mīhini. Ka taea e ngā rauropi whakarōpūtanga pēnei i te Random Forest, te Support Vector Machine, te ako hohonu rānei te kite i ngā tauira uhi whenua, te kite i ngā huringa, me te whakatau tata i ngā tawhā ngahere pēnei i te koiora.
I roto i te horopaki o ngā waka rererangi kore-taraiwa me ngā whakaahua taumira teitei, ka taea te whakamahi i te ako hohonu hei kite i ngā rākau takitahi, hei tatau i te kiato, tae atu ki te tautuhi i ngā momo motuhake i runga i te āhua o te karauna, i te kakano rānei. Ka āwhina hoki te AI ki te kite i ngā wāhi kua pāngia e ngā ahi, ngā waipuke, me te mahi rākau ture kore i te tātari ā-ringa.
Ko ngā wero o te AI ko te hiahia mō ngā raraunga whakangungu kounga me te mōrearea o te whakaaro taupatupatu tauira. Nō reira, he mea nui tonu te whakaurunga ki ngā raraunga mara kia pono ai ngā hua tātari.
8. Ngā Wero o te Whakatinana i ngā Tikanga Hou
Ahakoa te pai o ā rātou mahi, he maha ngā arai e pā ana ki ngā tikanga tātari ngahere hou. Tuatahi, he iti noa te kaha o ngā rauemi tangata . Me whakangungu te whakahaere i te waka rererangi, te tukatuka LiDAR, me te tātari AI. Tuarua, he arai tonu te utu o ngā taputapu me ngā pūmanawa mō ētahi umanga. Tuatoru, me aro ki ngā paerewa raraunga me te mahi tahi kia pai ai te whakaurunga o ngā raraunga mai i ngā momo puna. Tuawhā, me whakahaere tika ngā āhuatanga ture me ngā āhuatanga matatika, inā koa mō ngā rerenga waka rererangi me te whakamahinga o ngā raraunga tauwāhi tairongo.
Hei tāpiri atu ki tēnā, me whai hanganga rorohiko pakari ngā taonga o ēnei rā. Me whai rokiroki, taputapu, me te hononga ipurangi e tika ana mō te tukatuka whakaahua nui. He otinga pea te whakamahi i ngā tūāpapa kapua pēnei i te Google Earth Engine, i ngā ratonga tukatuka mamao rānei, engari me whai pūkenga hangarau anō hoki.
9. Te Ao o te Rārangi Ngāherehere
I ngā rā kei te heke mai, e matapaetia ana ka piki haere te rarangi ngahere i te wā tūturu, ā, ka ahu mai i te whakaurunga maha-pūtake. Mā te whakakotahitanga o ngā amiorangi radar me ngā amiorangi whatu, ngā waka rererangi kore, te LiDAR, ngā pūoko mara, me te AI ka hua ake he pūnaha aroturuki tika ake. Inaa, ko te ariā o te "māhanga mamati" ngahere—he tauira mamati e whakahoutia tonutia ana—kei te tīmata te kōrerohia hei huarahi hou mō te whakatauira tipu, te matapae mō ngā mōrearea ahi, me te aromatawai kaupapa here.
I tētahi atu taha, ka taea hoki te whakapakari i te whai wāhi a te hapori ā-rohe mā te hangarau. Mā te taupānga māmā noa iho, ka taea e ngā kainoho te ripoata i ngā raruraru ngahere, i ngā huringa rānei o ngā āhuatanga o te whenua, me te whakarei ake i ngā raraunga rarangi taonga ki ngā mōhiohio pāpori me te taiao.
Whakamutunga
Kua huakina e ngā tikanga hou o te rarangi taonga ngahere ngā whai wāhitanga nui mō te whakahaere whai hua me te pumau. Ka whakawhānui ake te tirohanga mamao amiorangi i te kapinga aroturuki, ka whakarei ake te LiDAR me ngā drones i ngā taipitopito o te hanganga ngahere, ka whakauruhia e te GIS ngā huinga raraunga kanorau, ka tere ake te tuhi mara i ngā tono pūkoro, ā, ka āwhina te AI ki te huri i ngā raraunga nui hei māramatanga mahi. Ahakoa kei te mau tonu ngā wero pēnei i te utu, te kaha hangarau, me ngā paerewa raraunga, e tohu ana ngā au auaha ka piki haere te tika, te tere, me te urutau o te rarangi taonga ngahere ki ngā hiahia tiaki me te whakaputa. Mā te hangarau tika, ka nui atu i te mahi ine noa te rarangi taonga ngahere, engari he taputapu rautaki mō te tiaki i ngā ngahere mō ngā whakatipuranga o muri mai.
