Ngā Tikanga Kohikohi Raraunga mō te Rangahau Ngāherehere
Me tika, me whai tikanga, me whai kawenga hoki ngā raraunga mō te rangahau ngahere nā te mea he rauropi matatini ngā ngahere e pāngia ana e ngā āhuatanga koiora-tinana, pāpori, me te ōhanga. Mā ngā tikanga kohikohi raraunga tika ka whakatau i te kounga o te tātari, ngā whakatau, me ngā taunakitanga mō ngā kaupapa here me te whakahaere mara. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga ngā tikanga kohikohi raraunga maha e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te rangahau ngahere, mai i ngā tikanga mara tawhito ki ngā hangarau hou pēnei i te pūoko mamao me ngā pūoko aunoa.
1. Whakatauhia te Kaupapa me te Hoahoa o te Kohikohi Raraunga
I mua i te haerenga ki te mara, me tautuhi ngā kairangahau i ngā whāinga rangahau me ngā taurangi hei ine. Ka arotahi te rangahau ki te rarangi o ngā tūnga rakau, te kanorau koiora, te hauora o te ngahere, te waro, te wai, ngā āhuatanga pāpori rānei pēnei i ngā taupatupatu pupuri whenua me ngā tirohanga a te hapori? Ka pāngia te hoahoa tauira, te kaha o te ine, me te whiriwhiri taputapu e ngā whakautu ki ēnei pātai.
Ko ngā hoahoa kohikohi raraunga ko: te wāhi rangahau me te tauine, ngā wae tauira (ngā kauwhata, ngā whakawhiti, ngā whatunga), te maha o ngā tauira, te auau ine (takitahi, ā-wā rānei), me ngā paerewa kounga raraunga. Me whai whakaaro hoki ngā kairangahau ki te urunga atu ki te whenua, te wā, me ngā whakaritenga whakaaetanga, inā koa mēnā kei roto te wāhi i tētahi rohe tiaki, i tētahi rohe taketake rānei.
2. Te Tirotiro Papa (Te Tirotiro Whenua) me te Tuhi Āhua
Ko te mātakitaki i te mara he tikanga taketake e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā rangahau ngahere. Ko tēnei tikanga ko te tuhi i ngā āhuatanga o te tipu, ngā momo nohonga, ngā raruraru (ahi, tapahi rakau, takahi whenua), me ngā āhuatanga taiao pēnei i te whakaoranga taiao, te whakaekenga pepeke rānei. Ka taea te mātakitaki i te taha kounga (whakaahuatanga) te taha rahi rānei (tātari kaute, tātaitanga rānei).
Hei whakatairite i ngā hua o te tirohanga puta noa i ngā wāhi me ngā wā, ka whakamahia e ngā kairangahau ngā pepa mahi paerewa me ngā aratohu whakarōpūtanga, pērā i te whakarōpūtanga o te uhi whenua, ngā taumata kino rānei o ngā rākau. Mā te tuhi whakaahua me te tohu whenua mā te whakamahi i te GPS, i ngā tono mahere rānei ka āwhina i te whakapai ake i te whai i ngā raraunga.
3. Ngā Tikanga Tātari Tipu: Ngā Kauwhata me ngā Whakawhiti
a) Tauira kauwhata
Ko te kohikohinga raraunga o ngā tūnga ngahere e whakamahi ana i ngā kauwhata tauira tapawhā (hei tauira, 20 × 20 m) porowhita rānei (he radius motuhake). I roto i ngā kauwhata, ka inehia e ngā kairangahau ngā tawhā pēnei i te diameter i te teitei o te uma (DBH), te teitei o te rākau, ngā momo, te āhua o te tuanui, me te maha o ngā tāngata takitahi. Mō ngā tipu o raro i te papa, ka taea te waihanga i ngā kauwhata iti ake mō ngā tipu, ngā māhuri, ngā tipu o raro rānei.
Ka taea ngā mahere te:
– Kauwhata rangitahi: inehia kotahi hei whakatau i ngā āhuatanga o nāianei.
– Ngā māra tūturu: ka inehia kia maha ngā wā (hei tauira, i ia 1–5 tau) hei aroturuki i ngā whanaketanga, te mate, me te kimi tāngata hou.
b) Whakawhitiwhiti
He pai ngā porowhita mō ngā rangahau tere me te tirotiro i ngā panonitanga tipu i ngā pikinga taiao (te teitei, te tawhiti mai i ngā awa, ngā taha ngahere). He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia ngā porowhita rārangi, ngā porowhita whitiki rānei mō ngā rangahau kanorau, te tohatoha momo, me te whakatau tata i te kiato o ngā tipu motuhake.
Ko te mea nui ki te angitu o te tikanga kauwhata me te tikanga whakawhiti ko te whakatau i ngā wāhi tauira e whakaatu ana i te tohu, hei tauira, te tohu matapōkere, te tohu pūnaha, te tohu paparanga rānei i runga i te momo ngahere/te akomanga uhi whenua.
4. Ngā Inenga Biometric me Dendrometric
I roto i te rangahau whakaputa me te tipu o te ngahere, he mea nui ngā raraunga koiora. Ko ngā tawhā e inehia ana ko:
– Te teitei o te uma (DBH) me te rīpene ine, te caliper rānei.
– Te teitei o te rākau mā te whakamahi i te clinometer, te hypsometer, te awhe rānei.
– Te horahanga turanga me te rōrahi tū mā te whakamahi i te tātai allometric.
– Te koiora me te waro mā roto i ngā whārite allometric i runga i te DBH, te teitei, me te mātotoru o te rakau; te tauira whakangaro rānei i runga i tētahi tauine iti.
He mea nui te whakarite i ngā tikanga ine kia kore ai e pā kino te whakaaro i waenga i ngā kaitatau. Hei tauira, me ine tonu ngā pūwāhi ine DBH i te teitei o te 1,3 mita i runga ake i te whenua, engari ko ngā rākau he tumu, he poupou rānei, e hiahia ana ki ngā inenga motuhake.
5. Rangahau i te Kanorau Koiora (Tāpua me te Kararehe)
He maha ngā wā ka aromatawaihia e ngā rangahau tiaki ngahere te kanorau o ngā momo me ngā tohu o te hauora o te rauropi. Mō ngā tipu, ka taea te tautuhi momo tika i te mara, mā te kohikohi tauira otaota rānei (me te piri ki ngā tikanga matatika me ngā whakaaetanga). Mō ngā kararehe, he maha ake ngā tikanga kohikohi raraunga, tae atu ki:
– Ngā mahanga kāmera mō ngā kararehe whakangote me ngā kararehe pō.
– Te tatau o ngā tohu mō ngā manu.
– He mahanga mō ngā manu me ngā pepeke.
– Kupenga kohu mō ngā pekapeka, ngā manu rānei (me whai pūkenga motuhake).
– Te tirotiro i ngā ara me ngā tohu (paru, tohu maikuku, rārangi ara).
Ko ngā raraunga kararehe me whai tāruarua ā-wāhi me te ā-wā kia taea ai te whakatau i ngā tauira tika ake o te nui me te ngohe o ngā kararehe.
6. Te Pūrongo Mamao me te GIS
Mā te hangarau tirotiro mamao ka taea te kohikohi tere, auau, me te whānui o ngā raraunga ngahere. Ko ngā puna raraunga e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko:
– Ngā whakaahua amiorangi (Landsat, Sentinel, Planet) mō te huringa uhi whenua, te taupū tipu (NDVI), te kimi ahi, me te wehewehenga o ngā nohoanga.
– Hei mahere i te hanganga o te tuanui, te teitei o te tuanui, me te whakatau tata i te koiora o te tuanui, he tino tika te LiDAR.
– He waka rererangi kore utu/UAV mō te mahere taipitopito i te tauine o te papaanga: te rarangi rākau, te āhua o te tuanui, ngā huarahi poro rakau, me ngā kino i muri i te āituā.
E whakamahia ana ngā Pūnaha Mōhiohio Matawhenua (GIS) hei whakauru i ngā raraunga ā-wāhi, hei waihanga mapi kaupapa, hei tātari i ngā pari, hei whakatau i ngā tawhiti mai i ngā rori me ngā awa, hei whakatauira hoki i ngā nohoanga. Ahakoa tōna matatau, me manatoko tonu ngā raraunga pūoko mamao (he pono whenua) kia tika ake ai ngā hua whakarōpūtanga.
7. Ngā Pūoko Aunoa me te Aroturuki Wā-tūturu
Kei te tīmata ngā rangahau ngahere o ēnei rā ki te whakamahi i ngā pūoko aunoa hei hopu raraunga tonu, hei tauira:
– Teihana huarere (ua, pāmahana, haumākū, irahiko).
– Ngā pūoko oneone (makuku, pH, kawe hiko).
– He taputapu mita hei aroturuki i te tipu o te whānui o te rākau i roto i te wā.
– He pūrere hopu oro hei aroturuki i te aroaro o ngā manu, o ngā pepeke rānei i runga i te oro.
– Ngā pūoko kounga wai i roto i ngā rangahau DAS (kōhanga awa) i roto i ngā rohe ngahere.
Ko te painga matua o tēnei tikanga ko te hopu i ngā rerekētanga o ia rā me ngā rerekētanga o te wā e uaua ana ki te mārama mai i ngā inenga ohorere. Heoi, me tiaki tika ngā taputapu, me whakatikatika, me te whakahaere raraunga.
8. Ngā Uiui, Ngā Pātai, me Ngā Tikanga Pāpori
Kāore e taea te wehe i ngā ngahere i ngā tāngata e karapoti ana i a rātou. Nō reira, ka whakamahia e ngā rangahau ngahere pāpori ngā tikanga kohikohi raraunga pēnei i:
– Ngā uiuinga hōhonu ki ngā kaiārahi hapori, ki ngā kaimahi pāmu, ki ngā kaiwhakahaere ngahere rānei.
– Ngā pātai hei ine i ngā tirohanga, ngā taumata whai wāhi, te whakawhirinaki ōhanga rānei ki ngā hua o te ngahere.
– He Huihuinga Kōrero ā-Rōpū (FGD) hei tūhura i ngā āhuatanga o te rōpū, ngā pakanga, me ngā otinga tahi.
– Te mahere whai wāhi ki ngā rohe whakahaere mahere, ngā rohe tikanga, ngā rohe pakanga rānei.
Me whai whakaaro ki ngā āhuatanga matatika: te whakaaetanga whai whakaaro, te noho muna o ngā kaiwhakautu, me te aro ki ngā tikanga ahurea. Mā ngā raraunga pāpori pakari ka āwhina i te hoahoa i ngā wawaotanga whakahaere ngahere e tino pono ana, e whakaaetia ana hoki.
9. Te Whakahaere Kounga Raraunga: Te Whakamana me te Tuhituhi
Ka pā mai te mōrearea o te hapa i roto i tētahi tikanga kohikohi raraunga mēnā kāore e haere tahi me te mana whakahaere kounga. Ko ngā mahi e taunakitia ana ko:
– Te whakangungu a te kaitātari me ngā whakamātautau taputapu.
– Te tuhi i ngā raraunga raraunga (te rā, ngā taunga, te tikanga, te taputapu, te ine).
– Te tirotiro raraunga o ia rā hei kimi i ngā uara tino nui, ngaro rānei.
– Te whakamahi i ngā taupānga matihiko (hei tauira, KoboToolbox, ODK) hei whakaiti i ngā hapa pato me te whakahaere i te tukutahitanga.
Mā ngā raraunga kua tuhia paitia ka āwhina i te tātaritanga tonu, te tāruaruatanga o ngā rangahau, me te whakamahinga a ētahi atu.
Whakamutunga
He rerekē ngā tikanga kohikohi raraunga mō te rangahau ngahere, mai i ngā tirotiro mara me te tauira tipu, ngā inenga dendrometric, ngā rangahau koiora koiora, tae atu ki te whakamahinga o te pūoko mamao, ngā pūoko aunoa, me ngā tikanga pāpori. Me whakarite te kōwhiringa o te tikanga pai rawa atu ki ngā whāinga rangahau, ngā āhuatanga o te mara, me ngā rauemi e wātea ana. Mā ngā hoahoa tauira tika, ngā tikanga paerewa, me te whakahaere kounga raraunga pai, ka taea e te rangahau ngahere te whakaputa mōhiohio pakari hei tautoko i te tiaki taiao, te whakaputa tauwhiro, me ngā kaupapa here whakahaere ngahere whai hua ake.
