Me pēhea te tautuhi me te whakahaere i ngā ngahere maroke
He pūnaha rauropi ngā ngahere maroke e kore e kitea i te nuinga o te wā nā te mea kāore i te āhua "kakariki matotoru" pērā i ngā ngahere ua toropika. Heoi anō, he rerekē te kanorau koiora o ngā ngahere maroke, e tautoko ana i te oranga o ngā hapori huri noa, ā, he mea nui hoki ki te pupuri i te taurite o te wai, te oneone, me te āhuarangi o te rohe. Ko te wero ko te ngoikore o ngā ngahere maroke ki te ahi, ki te takahi whenua, me te whakahekenga nā te roa o ngā wā maroke me ngā pēhanga o ngā mahi a te tangata. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga te tautuhi i ngā ngahere maroke me ngā mahi whai hua hei whakahaere i aua ngahere kia pumau.
Te Mārama ki te He aha ngā Ngāhere Maroke
I te nuinga o te wā, ko te ngahere maroke he wāhi ngahere e pāngia ana e te wā maroke roa i ia tau, e āhei ai ngā tipu ki te urutau ki te kore wai. He iti ake te ua i ngā ngahere ua toropika, ā, kāore i te ōrite tōna horapa—he wā ua motuhake, he wā maroke nui. Nō reira, he maha ngā rākau e marere ana ō rātou rau i te wā maroke (he rau rau) hei whakaiti i te mimiti.
Ka kitea ngā ngahere maroke i ngā rohe maha, tae atu ki ngā rohe he āhuarangi hauhautanga, he ngaherehere, me ngā rohe whakawhiti i waenga i ngā ngahere haumākū me ngā whenua tarutaru. I Initonīhia, ka kitea ngā ngahere maroke i ngā rohe he roa ngā wā maroke, pērā i ētahi wāhanga o Nusa Tenggara, ētahi wāhanga o Maluku, me ngā rohe atarangi ua.
Me pēhea te tautuhi i ngā ngahere maroke
Kāore e ranea te tautuhi i ngā ngahere maroke hei tirotiro noa mēnā he "maroke" te rohe ki te kanohi. Me whakakotahi ngā tirotiro i te āhuarangi, ngā tipu, te oneone, me ētahi atu tohu taiao. Anei ētahi tohu nui:
1. Ngā Tauira Āhuarangi me te Ua
Ko te āhuatanga matua ko te roa o te wā maroke (4–8 marama, neke atu rānei), me te iti o te ua i ia tau. Haunga te ua katoa, kia aro ki tōna tohatoha: ka nui te ua i ētahi marama, engari he iti noa iho te ua i ētahi atu marama.
Ngā mahi whai hua:
– Whakamahia ngā raraunga ua mai i te teihana āhuarangi tata rawa atu, ngā raraunga rānei e ahu mai ana i te amiorangi.
– Tuhia te maha o ngā marama maroke (arā, ngā marama kei raro iho i tētahi paepae te ua).
– Mātakihia ngā āhua o te awa, o te puna rānei: i ngā ngahere maroke, he maha ngā wā ka rere te rere o te mata o te whenua.
2. Hanganga o te tipu me te āhua o te rau
He whānui ake te taupoki o ngā ngahere maroke i ngā ngahere ua pārūrū. I te tihi o te wā maroke, ka marere ngā rau o ngā rākau maha, ka waiho te whenua kia "tahanga" te āhua, kia parauri rānei, engari ka hoki anō tēnei ki te kākāriki i te wā ua.
Ngā āhuatanga whānui o te tipu:
– Te mana o ngā rākau rau o te wā.
– He nui ngā rakau iti, ngā rakau iti me ngā tarutaru i raro i te tuanui nā te mea ka māmā ake te uru o te rā.
– Ka urutau ngā rākau ki ēnei āhuatanga: he rau iti, he rau matotoru, he kiri matotoru, he pūnaha pakiaka hōhonu rānei.
3. Momo Oneone me ngā Āhua o te Mata
He iti ake te nui o ngā matū rauropi o te oneone i ngā ngahere maroke i ngā ngahere makuku, nā te rerekētanga o ngā tukanga pirau me te hanganga humus. I ētahi wāhi, he toka te oneone, he papaku, he iti rānei te kaha ki te pupuri wai. He nui ake te tūponotanga ka puta te horo ina heke te taupoki o ngā otaota.
Ngā tohu e kitea ana:
– Ka kohia te paru rau i te wā maroke, ā, ka tere pirau i te wā e ua ana.
– Kua ngatata te mata o te whenua (i ētahi oneone uku) kua puehu rānei i ngā wā maroke.
– Ngā tohu o te horo: ngā awaawa iti, te oneone kua tihorea, te oneone kua whakatōngia rānei i te raro o te pari.
4. Te Tūponotanga Nui o te Ahi
Ka kohia e ngā ngahere maroke ngā wahie māori pērā i ngā rau maroke, ngā manga, me te tarutaru. I te wā maroke, ka ngawari ake te rohe ki te pāngia e ngā ahi, nā ngā āhuatanga taiao me ngā mahi a te tangata.
Ngā tohu mara:
– He nui ngā toenga waro i runga i ngā pūtake rākau, i ngā toenga rānei o ngā ahi tawhito.
– Ka maroke whānuitia te tarutaru i runga i te papa o te ngahere.
– Te whakanui ake i ngā mahi whakawātea whenua mā te whakamahi i te ahi i te rohe e karapoti ana.
5. Te Nohoanga o ngā Momo Ahurei me ngā Kararehe Urutau
He maha ngā wā ka noho ngā ngahere maroke hei kāinga mō ngā kararehe ka ora i te koretake o te wai. Ko ngā manu, ngā ngārara, me ētahi kararehe iti te nuinga. Mā te tautuhi i ngā momo matua ka āwhina i te whakatau i te momo rauropi.
Te whakatau tata:
– Aromatawai tere i ngā tipu matua.
– Uiuitia ngā tāngata whenua mō ngā wā whāngai kararehe, ngā puna wai, me ngā panonitanga o ngā otaota.
Ngā Mātāpono Taketake o te Whakahaere Ngāhere Maroke
Kia tautuhia he ngahere maroke tētahi wāhi, ko te mahi e whai ake nei ko te whakahaere. Ko te whāinga matua ko te pupuri i ngā mahi ā-taiao me te tuku i te whakamahinga kore-whakangaro. He maha ngā mātāpono matua:
1. Te Whakahaere Wai me ngā Rauemi Wai
He mea nui te wai hei whakawhāiti. Me aro nui te whakahaere ngahere maroke ki te tiaki i ngā puna wai, ngā puna wai, me ngā ara rere o te wā.
Ngā rautaki ka taea te whakamahi:
– Me hipoki ngā otaota o te taha o te awa (ngā taha o te awa/te puna kaukau).
– Waihangatia he hanganga tiaki oneone me te wai: he rorak, he papa whakarara, he tāke ārai iti, he puna whakauru rānei.
– Āraia te mahi rākau i ngā tihi o ngā pukepuke me ngā taha o ngā puna wai.
2. Te Whakaiti me te Whakahaere i te Ahi
He tūmomo mōrearea nui te ahi, ā, ki te pērā tonu, ka huri pea ngā ngahere maroke hei whenua tuwhera mō ake tonu atu. Nō reira, me whakahaere te whakahaere ahi kia pūnaha, me te whakauru i te hapori.
Ngā mahi whai hua:
– Te whakatū i ngā tīma whakatūpato ahi i roto i ngā kāinga/rohe.
– Waihangahia he ārai ahi ki ngā wāhi ngoikore, inā koa e tata ana ki ngā wāhi noho me ngā whenua ngaki.
– Whakatūria he maramataka e aukati ana i te tahunga i te wā tino maroke.
– Te mātauranga mō te whakamahinga haumaru o te ahi me ngā whiu mō te tahunga turekore.
3. Te Whakatō me te Whakaora me ngā Momo o te Rohe
Kāore te whakaora ngahere maroke i te rite ki te whakaora ngahere makuku. He maha ngā wā ka puta te korenga o te hua nā te whiriwhiri i ngā momo tipu ātete ki te tauraki, nā te whakato rānei i te wā hē.
Ngā mātāpono whakaora:
– Whakamahia ngā momo taketake o te rohe kua whakamātauhia he ngāwari ki te urutau ki ngā wā maroke.
– Whakatōkia i te tīmatanga o te ua kia nui ai te wai mō te wāhanga tipu tuatahi.
– Whakamahia ngā tikanga whakanui haumākū: te whakatō otaota, ngā poka whakatō hōhonu, ngā puna wai iti rānei.
– Whakakotahitia te whakaoranga tūturu (te tiaki i ngā tipu hou) me te whakato anō.
4. Te Whakahaere i te Whakamahinga o ngā Hua o te Ngāherehere
He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia ngā ngahere maroke hei wahie, hei kai kararehe, hei wai, hei honi, me ētahi atu hua ngahere ehara i te rakau. Mā te whakahaere pai ka āta whakahaere i te hauhake kia kore ai e pau ngā taonga taiao, e whakararuraru hoki i te whakaoranga.
Tauira tautuhinga:
– Pūnaha tapahi whiriwhiri me te diameter iti rawa me te hurihanga kotinga.
– He iti ngā wāhi whāngai kararehe kia kore ai ngā tipu rākau e kainga e ngā kararehe.
– Ko te hauhake i ngā hua ngahere ehara i te rakau e ahu mai ana i ngā rohenga me ngā wā, hei tauira, ka hauhakehia te honi me te kore e whakangaro i te whare pī.
5. Te Tiaki i te Oneone mai i te Horo me te Pirau
Nā te mea he tuwhera ake te taupoki o te whenua, ā, he poto noa te wā e ua nui ana te ua, ka tere te horo o te whenua. Ka whakaitihia te hua o te oneone e horo ana, ā, ka nui ake te tauraki.
Ngā mahi tiaki:
– Whakatōkia ngā hua hipoki, ngā tipu rānei e whakapiki ana i te hauota ki ngā wāhi tuwhera.
– Waihangahia he papa i ngā pari pari, ka whakato i ngā mea e tika ana.
– Whakaitihia te whakawātea whenua i ngā pari, ā, whakakapia ki te mahi ahuwhenua ngahere.
6. Te Whakahaere Whenua me te Whakauru Hapori
He maha ngā wā ka tata ngā ngahere maroke ki ngā whenua ahuwhenua, ki ngā pāmu, me ngā kāinga noho. Nō reira, he pai ake te huarahi e ahu mai ana i te whenua i te whakahaere i ngā ngahere hei "motu" motuhake.
Te kī ki te angitu:
– Ngā umanga ā-rohe mārama: ngā rōpū kaimahi ngahere, ngā umanga tikanga, ngā mahi tahi rānei.
– Kua whakaaetia ngātahitia ngā ture urunga me ngā rohe o te rohe.
– Ngā kaupapa painga: ka whai hua ngā hapori i te tiakitanga o te ngahere (hei tauira, te tūruhi taiao, te honi ngahere, ngā utu rānei mō ngā ratonga taiao).
Aroturuki me te Aromatawai: Te Ine i te Angitu Whakahaere
He uaua ki te aromatawai i te whakahaerenga me te kore he aroturukitanga. Me māmā noa te aroturukitanga i ngā ngahere maroke engari me rite tonu.
Ngā tohu ka taea te aroturuki:
– Te taupoki o te tuanui (ahakoa e piki haere ana, e heke iho ana rānei).
– Te maha o ngā aituā ahi ia tau me te rohe i tahuna.
– Te whakaoranga taiao: te maha o ngā tipu me ngā māhuri mō ia heketea.
– Ngā āhuatanga o te oneone: te horo, te matotoru o te paru, me te mimiti noa iho.
– Te wātea o te wai: te rerenga wai o te puna i te tihi o te wā maroke, te maha o ngā puna e maroke ana.
Ka taea te kohikohi i ēnei raraunga mā roto i ngā tirotiro haere o ia rā, ngā kauwhata tirohanga, ngā whakaahua pūmau (ngā pūwāhi whakaahua), me ngā tuhinga hapori.
Te Katinga
He rauropi pakari ngā ngahere maroke, engari he pakarukaru hoki ina pāngia e te pēhanga tangata me ngā ahi. Ko te tautuhi i ngā ngahere maroke me aroturuki i te āhuarangi, te tipu, te oneone, me ngā āhuatanga o te wā. I taua wā, me whakatairanga te whakahaere i te tiaki wai, te whakahaere ahi, te whakaora me ngā momo ā-rohe, te ine i te whakamahinga whenua, me te tiaki oneone mai i te horo. Mā te huarahi whenua me te whai wāhi a te hapori, ka taea e ngā ngahere maroke te noho hua me te pumau—e tautoko ana i te ora me te whakarato i tētahi taonga tuku iho taiao mō ngā whakatupuranga kei te heke mai.
