Me pēhea te tatau i te koiora ngahere mō te rangahau taiao
Kei te piki haere te hiranga o te rangahau rauropi me te pikinga ake o te mōhiotanga o te ao mō te huringa āhuarangi me te whakahekenga o te taiao. Ko tētahi mea nui i roto i te rangahau rauropi ko te mārama ki te koiora ngahere. Ko te koiora ngahere e whakaata ana i te nui o ngā mea rauropi e wātea ana i roto i te rauropi ngahere, ā, he mea nui mō te maha o ngā rangahau rauropi, tae atu ki ngā mea e aro ana ki te huringa waro, te manawanui o te rauropi, me te kanorau koiora. He tukanga uaua te whakatau i te koiora ngahere, engari mā ngā tikanga tika, ka taea e ngā kairangahau te whiwhi raraunga tika me te pono. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga ngā tikanga maha ka taea te whakamahi hei tatau i te koiora ngahere i roto i te horopaki o te rangahau rauropi.
Te Mārama ki te Koiora o te Ngāhere
Ko te koiora ngahere e tautuhia ana ko te papatipu katoa o ngā mea rauropi kei roto i te ngahere i tētahi wā kua whakaritea. Kei roto i tēnei ko ngā mea ora katoa pēnei i ngā rākau, ngā rakau iti, ngā tarutaru, me ētahi atu mea ora, tae atu ki ngā mea rauropi mate pēnei i te rau me ngā kakau mate. He mea nui te ine i te koiora hei mārama ki ngā whanaketanga rauropi, te oranga tonutanga o te ngahere, me tō rātou tūranga i roto i te huringa waro o te ao .
Tikanga Ine i te Koiora Ngāhere
1. Ine Tika
Ko te tikanga tika ko te tango tauira ā-tinana i ngā rākau me ētahi atu otaota i te parae. Heoi, he maha ngā wā kāore e taea te whakamahi i tēnei tikanga mō ngā ngahere nui nā te nui o te mahi me te wā e hiahiatia ana. Ko ngā mahi e whai ake nei ka whakamahia i roto i te tikanga ine tika:
– Kōwhiringa Tauira o te Mahere: Whakatauhia te tauira o te mahere i roto i te ngahere hei ine. Ko ngā rahi o te mahere e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko te 10×10 mita, 20×20 mita rānei, i runga i te matotoru me te rahi o te tipu.
– Te Ine i te Ahu o te Rākau: Inehia te whānui o te rākau i te teitei o te uma (DBH), arā, 1.3 mita te teitei i runga ake i te whenua. Whakatauhia hoki te teitei o te rākau mā te whakamahi i te clinometer, i tētahi atu taputapu ine rānei.
– Ngā Tātaitanga Rōrahi me te Papatipu Koiora: Whakamahia ngā whārite āromatawai motuhake ki te rohe e hono ana i te DBH me te teitei o te rākau ki te papatipu koiora. Hei tauira, te whārite Mayom, te whakatauira rārangi rānei.
He tino tika ngā raraunga e tukuna ana e ngā inenga tika mō ngā kauwhata kua tautuhia, engari kāore e taea te whakaatu i te katoa o te ngahere.
2. Huarahi Āromatawai
Ka whakamahia e te huarahi allometric te whanaungatanga pāngarau i waenga i ngā rahinga o te rākau (pēnei i te DBH, te teitei rānei) me te koiora. Ka whakawhanakehia ngā whārite allometric mā te tātari tatauranga o ngā raraunga empirika mai i ngā rākau maha kua tuaina, ā, kua inehia ō rātou rahinga. Ko ētahi o ngā whārite allometric e whakamahia ana hei whakatau tata i te koiora ko:
– Whārite Chave: He maha ngā whakamahinga o tēnei whārite mō ngā momo rauropi werawera, ā, e hangai ana ki te whānui o te rākau, te teitei o te rākau, me te mātotoru o te rakau.
– Te whārite a Brown: E whakamahia ana hei whakatau tata i te koiora o te ngahere pārūrū mā te whai whakaaro ki ngā tawhā pēnei i te teitei o te rākau me te DBH.
Ka taea te whakaiti i ngā hapa i roto i te whakatau tata i te koiora mā te whakamahi i te huarahi allometric mā te whiriwhiri i te whārite e tino pai ana mō ngā āhuatanga o te rohe me te momo tipu i akohia.
3. Te Pūrongo Mamao
He tino whai hua te hangarau pūoko mamao mō te ine i te koiora o te ngahere, inā koa i ngā wāhi nunui, uaua ki te tae atu. Ko te pūoko mamao e pā ana ki te whakamahi i ngā whakaahua amiorangi, te Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR), te whakaahua rangi rānei hei tiki mōhiohio mō te hanganga me te hanganga o te ngahere.
– Whakaahua Amiorangi: Ka taea te whakamahi i ngā whakaahua amiorangi mai i ngā amiorangi Landsat, Sentinel, MODIS rānei hei whakatau tata i te taupoki whenua me ngā tohu tipu pēnei i te NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) e hono ana ki te koiora.
– LIDAR: Ka whakamahia e te hangarau LIDAR ngā taiaho hei ine i te tawhiti i waenga i te pūoko me tētahi mea, ka taea ai te hanga anō 3D tino taipitopito o ngā ngahere. He tino whai hua te LIDAR ki te ine i te teitei o ngā rākau me te hanganga o te ngahere.
He mea nui te whakaurunga o ngā raraunga pūoko mamao ki ngā raraunga parae mō te whakatikatika me te whakamana i ngā tauira whakatau tata koiora.
4. Te Whakamahinga o ngā Tauira Tipuwhenua
He taputapu whakatauira ngā tauira tipu ka taea te whai i ngā tukanga rauropi i roto i ngā ngahere, ā, ka taea te whakamahi hei whakatau tata i te koiora o te ngahere. Ko te tikanga, ko ēnei tauira e ahu mai ana i ngā ture rauropi me ngā whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā āhuatanga taiao me ngā urupare a ngā tipu. Ko ētahi o ngā tauira tipu e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko:
– Tauira LPJ-GUESS (Lund-Potsdam-Jena General Ecosystem Simulator): Ka whakatauirahia e tēnei tauira ngā āhuatanga o ngā rōpū mahi tipu i roto i ngā momo pūnaha rauropi, ā, ka taea te whakarato whakatau tata mō te koiora ngahere i runga i ngā āhuatanga huringa āhuarangi.
– Tauira ED (Tauira Taupori Pūnaha Taiao): Ka whakatauira tēnei tauira i ngā huringa o te hanganga me te mahi o te pūnaha rauropi i runga i ngā āhuatanga takitahi o ngā rākau me ngā taunekeneke i roto i ngā taupori ngahere.
Ko ngā tauira tipu me whai raraunga whakauru taipitopito me te whakamana mā roto i ngā raraunga parae, mā te pūoko mamao rānei hei whakapai ake i te tika.
Ngā Wero me ngā Huarahi
Ahakoa he maha ngā tikanga hei whakatau tata i te koiora o te ngahere, he rerekē ngā wero me ngā herenga o ia tikanga. Ko ngā ine tika ka herea ki ngā tauine iti. Ko ngā tikanga allometric me whai raraunga whakauru taipitopito me te rohe hei whakaiti i te whakaaro whakatau tata. Ko te pūoko mamao, i tetahi atu taha, me whai hangarau matatau me te utu nui, ā, he maha ngā wā ka hiahiatia he tukatuka atu i ngā raraunga hei whakarite i te tika.
Hei tāpiritanga, mā te whakauru i ngā tikanga maha ka huaki ake ngā whai wāhitanga ki te whakapai ake i te tika me te pumau o ngā inenga koiora o te ngahere. Hei tauira, mā te whakakotahi i te matawai mamao me ngā tikanga allometric, ngā tauira tipu rānei ka taea te whakarato i ngā whakatau tata tika ake, pono ake hoki.
Whakamutunga
He taahiraa nui te whakatau tata i te koiora o te ngahere i roto i te rangahau rauropi, e hiahia ana ki tētahi huarahi maha-mātauranga me te māramatanga hōhonu ki ngā rauropi ngahere. Mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga ine tika, ngā huarahi allometric, te hangarau tirohanga mamao, me ngā tauira tipu, ka taea e ngā kairangahau te whakatau tata i te koiora me te tino tika me te tika. Ahakoa he wero me he herenga o ia tikanga, mā te whakakotahi i ngā tikanga maha ka puta he whai wāhitanga mō ngā hua kua whakakotahihia, kua whai kōrero hoki.
I te whanaketanga haere o te hangarau me ngā tikanga mahi, e matapaetia ana ka tika haere ngā whakatau tata mō te koiora o te ngahere, ka whakaratohia he māramatanga nui mō te tiaki ngahere, te whakahaere rauemi taiao , me te whakaiti i te huringa āhuarangi o te ao.
