Me pēhea te hanga i tētahi mahere iti
He whakaaturanga ā-kanohi ngā mapi o ngā rohe matawhenua e whakamahia ana mō ngā momo kaupapa, tae atu ki te whakatere, te mātauranga, te rangahau, me te whakamahere. Ko te hanga mapi, inā koa ngā mapi iti e kapi ana i ngā rohe whānui me ngā taipitopito, me whai tikanga me te māramatanga hōhonu ki te mahere whenua. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga ngā mahi, ngā tikanga, me ngā tohutohu mō te hanga mapi iti whai hua me te tika.
1. Te Mārama ki te Tauine Mahere
Ko te tauine mapi te ōwehenga i waenga i ngā tawhiti tūturu i runga i te mata o te Ao me ngā tawhiti e whakaaturia ana i runga i te mapi. He maha ngā wā ka whakaatuhia te tauine hei tau, hei tauira, 1:100,000, ko te 1 waeine i runga i te mapi he rite ki te 100,000 waeine i te ao tūturu. Ko ngā mapi tauine iti te tikanga ka kapi i ngā wāhi nui, pērā i ngā whenua, i ngā whenua nui rānei, ā, he iti noa ngā taipitopito. Ko ngā tauira o ngā tauine iti ko te 1:500,000 me te iti iho.
Anei ētahi o ngā āhuatanga matua o ngā mapi iti:
– He whānui te horahanga, kāore he nui ngā taipitopito.
– Te takahi i te whakawhanuitanga, te whakangawaritanga rānei o ngā āhuatanga matawhenua.
– Te whakamahi i ngā tohu whakahirahira hei tohu i ngā āhuatanga nui.
2. Te Kōwhiri i ngā Raraunga Matawhenua
He mea nui ngā raraunga matawhenua ki te hanga mahere. I te wā e hanga ana i ngā mahere iti, ka taea te tiki raraunga matawhenua mai i ngā momo puna:
– Mahere Whenua: Ka taea te whakamahi i ngā mahere whenua nui hei tango i ngā mōhiohio hei whakahaere i te māmā ake.
– Raraunga Amiorangi: Mā ngā whakaahua amiorangi me te GPS ka whakaratohia he raraunga tika, he raraunga hou hoki mō ngā rohe whānui.
– Pūnaha Mōhiohio Whenua (GIS): He puna nui ngā raraunga pūāhua me ngā raraunga raster ka taea te whakarite mā ngā Pūnaha Mōhiohio Whenua.
Me kohia ngā raraunga mō ngā āhuatanga maha, tae atu ki ngā takutai moana, ngā rohe tōrangapū, ngā whatunga kawe waka, ngā wai, me ngā teitei. Me tirotiro i te tika me te hiranga o ēnei raraunga ki te kaupapa o te mapi.
3. Te Whakamahere Mahere
Kia oti te kohikohi i ngā raraunga, ko te mahi e whai ake nei ko te whakamahere i te mapi. Ko ngā mahi whakamahere ko:
– Whakatauhia te Kaupapa o te Mahere: Whakatauhia mēnā ka whakamahia te mahere mō te mātauranga, te whakatere, te tātari whenua rānei.
– Te Kōwhiri i ngā Huānga Matua: Whakatauhia ko ēhea ngā huānga ka whakaurua ki te mapi pēnei i ngā tāone nui, ngā awa, ngā maunga, me ngā whatunga rori nui.
– Te Hoahoa i te Tahora: Me whai tahora ma, me whai kōrero hoki ngā mahere. I te nuinga o te wā, ko ngā mahere iti kei roto ko te taitara, te tohu, te pae tauine, te ahunga ki te raki, te pūtake raraunga, me ētahi atu raraunga raraunga.
4. Te Whakamahi i te Pūmanawa Mahere
He tino whai hua ngā pūmanawa mapi pēnei i a ArcGIS, QGIS, me Global Mapper mō te hanga mapi iti. Kei roto i tēnei pūmanawa ngā taputapu hei hopu, hei penapena, hei whakahaere, hei tātari, hei whakaatu hoki i ngā raraunga matawhenua. Anei ngā mahi whānui mō te whakamahi i te GIS hei hanga mapi iti:
a. Kawemai me te Raraunga Tohutoro-whenua
– Kawemai Raraunga: Tāuruhia ngā raraunga kua kohia ki te pūmanawa GIS.
– Te tohutoro whenua: Me whakarite kia honoa ngā raraunga katoa ki ngā taunga whenua tika.
b. Whakawhānui Āhuatanga
– Te Whakangāwari: Whakaitihia te maha o ngā pūwāhi e hanga ana i tētahi rārangi, i tētahi tapatoru rānei, kia kore ai e nui rawa ngā mōhiohio.
– Te Whakangawari: Tangohia ngā taipitopito taikaha mai i ngā āhuatanga whenua.
– Te Whakarōpūtanga: Whakakotahitia ngā āhuatanga tata hei whakahaere i te tirohanga.
c. Te Tohu me te Whakarōpūtanga
– Te Whakatakotoranga Tohu: Whakamahia ngā tohu me ngā tae hei tohu i ngā āhuatanga maha. Whakamahia ngā tohu e māmā ana ki te mārama, e kitea mārama ana hoki.
– Whakarōpūtanga: Wehea ngā raraunga ki ngā akomanga e tika ana. Hei tauira, ngā rori nui me ngā rori iti, ngā awa nui me ngā manga iti.
5. Aromatawai me te Arotakenga
He wāhanga nui te aromatawai whakamutunga o te waihanga mahere. Tirohia anō ngā āhuatanga katoa, ā, me whakatika mēnā e tika ana:
– Te ōritetanga: Me whakarite kia ōrite ngā tohu me ngā tae puta noa i te mapi.
– Te Māmā o te Pānui: Me whakarite kia māmā te pānui i te tuhinga me ngā tohu i te tauine i whakamahia.
– Te Tika: Tirohia anō te tika o ngā raraunga mā te whakamahi i ētahi atu puna tohutoro.
6. Te Whakaputa me te Whakamahinga o ngā Mahere
Kia oti te mapi, ko te mahi whakamutunga ko te whakaputa. Ka taea te whakaputa mapi mā te matihiko, mā te tā rānei, i runga i ō hiahia:
– Mamati: Te whakaputanga i roto i te PDF, PNG, i ngā tūāpapa GIS tukutuku rānei pērā i te ArcGIS Online.
– Tānga: Whakaritea he kōnae tānga taumira teitei, kia mārama ai te kitea o ngā wāhanga mahere katoa i roto i te tānga.
Haunga te whakaputanga, he mea nui anō hoki kia whakaarohia te huarahi e uru atu ai, e whakamahia ai hoki e ngā kaiwhakamahi te mapi. Whakaratohia he tohutohu mō te pānui i te mapi, me te whakarato anō hoki i ētahi atu kōrero pēnei i te aratohu kaiwhakamahi, i te raraunga mapi rānei.
Whakamutunga
Ko te tukanga hanga mapi iti e hiahia ana kia mārama ki te mapi whenua, kia pūkenga ki te whakamahi i te pūmanawa GIS, me te aro ki ngā taipitopito. Ko ngā mahi matua ko te mārama ki te tauine, te whiriwhiri raraunga, te whakamahere tahora, te whakamahi i te pūmanawa mapi whenua, te whakawhanuitanga āhuatanga, te tohu, te aromatawai, me te whakaputa. Mā te whai i tēnei tukanga, ka taea te hanga mapi iti e tika ana, e whai kōrero ana, e whai hua ana hoki mō ngā kaupapa maha.
