He aha te Geomorphology me tōna hiranga i roto i te Geography
Ko te geomorphology he peka o te whenua e ako ana i ngā āhua o te mata o te Ao me ngā tukanga e hanga ana i aua āhua. I ahu mai te kupu "geomorphology" i te kupu Kariki, ko te tikanga o "geo" ko te whenua, ko te tikanga o "morphos" ko te āhua, ā, ko te tikanga o "logos" ko te ako. I te whakarāpopototanga, ka taea te tautuhi i te geomorphology hei ako i ngā āhua o te mata o te Ao me ngā huringa e puta ana i aua āhua i roto i te wā.
Hītori o te Matawhenua
He roa te hītori o te matawhenua hei kaupapa pūtaiao, e hia mano tau te roa. I tīmata ngā kaipūtaiao o mua pērā i a Herodotus rāua ko Aristotle ki te whakaaro mō te hanganga me ngā huringa o te mata o te Ao. Heoi, i tere te whanaketanga o te whakaaro pūtaiao mō te matawhenua i ngā rautau 19 me te 20, i te wā i tere haere ai te whanaketanga o te matawhenua me te whenua. Ko tētahi o ngā tino tangata i roto i te whanaketanga o te matawhenua ko William Morris Davis, e mōhiotia ana mō tana ariā mō te huringa matawhenua, e kiia ana ko te ariā huringa horo.
Te Kapinga Ā-Ao
He whānuitanga o ngā kaupapa iti me ngā marautanga iti o te matawhenua, tae atu ki:
1. Ngā Tukanga Ā-Ao: Te ako i ngā tukanga ā-tinana-ira pēnei i te horo, te whakatōpuku, me te huarere e whai kawenga ana mō te hanga me te whakarerekē i te mata o Papatūānuku.
2. Ngā Āhua Whenua: Te ako i ngā momo āhua whenua rerekē pērā i ngā maunga, ngā awaawa, ngā mania, ngā awaawa moana, ngā ana, me ngā puke onepū, me te āhua o te hanganga me te rerekētanga o ēnei āhua i roto i te wā.
3. Hangarau Ā-whenua: Te whakamahinga o ngā hangarau hou pēnei i te GIS (Pūnaha Mōhiohio Whenua) me te tātaritanga mamao hei tātari i ngā āhua whenua.
4. Rangahau paleo-geomorphological: Te ako i ngā huringa o te mata o te Ao i ngā wā o mua mā te whakamahi i ngā raraunga matawhenua me te paleontology.
5. Te Huringa Āhuarangi me ōna Pānga ki te Matawhenua: Te pānga o te huringa āhuarangi ki ngā tukanga me ngā āhua whenua i ngā rohe rerekē o te ao.
Te Hiranga o te Matawhenua i roto i te Matawhenua
1. Te Mārama ki ngā Tukanga Taiao
Mā te matawhenua ka āwhina i a tātou ki te mārama ki ngā momo tukanga taiao e hanga ana i te mata o te Ao. Kei roto i tēnei ko te mārama ki te rere o ngā awa , te pakaru o ngā toka e te hau me te wai, me te hanganga me te huringa o ngā maunga me ngā awaawa. Mā te ako i ēnei tukanga, ka taea e tātou te matapae i ngā huringa ā muri ake nei o te mata o te Ao, he mea nui tēnei mō te whakahaere taiao me te whakaiti i ngā āhuatanga kino o te taiao.
2. Te Whakamahere me te Whakahaere i ngā Rauemi Taiao
He mea nui te mōhiotanga ā-whenua mō te whakamahere me te whakahaere rauemi taiao. Hei tauira, he mea tino nui te mārama ki ngā tukanga whakatō me te horo i roto i te whakahaere awa me te tāhuna. He mea nui anō hoki ngā mōhiotanga mō te horapa o te whenua me ngā momo oneone mō te whakamahere ahuwhenua me te ngahere, tae atu ki te tūhuratanga o ngā kohuke me te pūngao.
3. Te Whakaiti i ngā Āhuatanga Kino
He mea nui te āhua whenua hei whakaiti i ngā āhuatanga taiao pēnei i ngā rū whenua, ngā pahūtanga puia, ngā horo whenua, me ngā waipuke. Mā te mārama ki ngā āhuatanga matua e puta ai ēnei āhuatanga me ō rātou tauira āhua whenua e pā ana, ka taea e ngā kaipūtaiao me ngā kaiwhakamahere kaupapa here te hanga rautaki whakaiti i ngā āhuatanga whai hua ake. Kei roto i tēnei ko te mahere i ngā wāhi e tino pāngia ana e ngā āhuatanga kino, te hanga hanganga ātete ki ngā āhuatanga kino, me te whakamahere whakawātea whai hua ake.
4. Te Whakawhanaketanga Hanganga
Me tātari i ngā hanganga whenua pēnei i ngā rori, ngā piriti, me ngā whare kia mau tonu ai te pumau me te pumau. Hei tauira, he mea nui te mārama ki ngā momo oneone me ngā momo toka i tētahi wāhi hei whakatau i ngā tikanga me ngā rauemi hanga e tika ana. Mā tēnei ka āwhina i te karo i ngā raruraru pēnei i te horo whenua, te totohu whenua rānei, ka kino pea ngā hanganga whenua, ka mōrearea hoki te haumaru o te tangata.
5. Te Tiaki me te Whakahaere Taiao
He mea nui anō hoki te āhua whenua i roto i ngā mahi tiaki me te whakahaere taiao. Mā te mārama ki te mahi a ngā tukanga taiao me ngā taunekeneke i waenga i te tangata me te taiao, ka taea e tātou te hanga i ngā mahi hei tiaki i ngā rauropi e ngoikore ana ki te huringa. Kei roto i tēnei ko te whakahaere takutai, te whakaora i ngā repo, me te tiaki i ngā awa me ngā roto.
6. Rangahau Pūtaiao me te Rangahau Mātauranga
Ka whai wāhi te matawhenua ki te whanaketanga o ngā mātauranga pūtaiao me ngā mātauranga. Mā te rangahau matawhenua ka mārama tātou ki te hītori o Papatūānuku, tae atu ki ngā huringa āhuarangi o mua me ō rātou pānga ki te mata o Papatūānuku. He mea whai hua tēnei mātauranga mō te matapae i ngā huringa āhuarangi ā muri ake nei, me te whakarato māramatanga ki te whanaketanga rauropi.
Ngā Tikanga Rangahau i roto i te Geomorphology
Kei roto i ngā tikanga rangahau i roto i te matawhenua he maha ngā huarahi hangarau me ngā huarahi tātari, tae atu ki:
1. Mahere Whenua: Te whakamahi i te GIS me ngā tikanga pūoko mamao hei hanga mapi e whakaatu ana i ngā momo āhua whenua me ngā tukanga whenua e puta ana.
2. Mahi Papa: Rangahau i te papa hei tirotiro me te ine i ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana o ngā āhua whenua me ngā tukanga e puta ana.
3. Te Whakatauira: Te whakamahi i ngā tauira pāngarau me ngā tauira rorohiko hei whakatauira i ngā tukanga āhua whenua me te matapae i ngā huringa ka puta ā muri ake nei.
4. Tātari Taiwhanga: Te tirotiro i ngā tauira oneone, toka, me te paru kia mārama ai ki te hanganga o te rauemi me ngā tukanga e puta ana i te taumata moroiti.
5. Te Wā Whakarāpopototanga: Mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga whakatau tau maha pērā i te whakatau tau radiocarbon hei whakatau i te pakeketanga o ngā momo āhua whenua me ngā onepū.
Ngā Wero me ngā Tūmanako o te Ao Matawhenua
He maha ngā wero uaua kei mua i te ao matawhenua. Ko tētahi o ēnei ko te pānga o te huringa āhuarangi e tere haere ana, e kore nei e taea te matapae, e tino pāngia ana e ngā tukanga matawhenua. Me whai rangahau anō kia mārama ai ki te pānga o ēnei huringa ki ngā pūnaha matawhenua, me pēhea hoki tātou e urutau ai ki aua mea.
Hei tāpiri atu ki tēnā, ko te whanaketanga o ngā hangarau hou, pērā i ngā pūoko amiorangi me ngā waka rererangi kore-rangi, ka tukuna he huarahi hou mō te rangahau matawhenua taipitopito me te tika. Ka taea hoki e te rangahau matawhenua hōhonu te whai wāhi nui ki ngā rautaki whakaiti i ngā āhuatanga kino o te taiao me te whakahaere rauemi taiao pumau ake.
Whakamutunga
Ko te geomorphology te kaupapa pūtaiao e ako ana i ngā āhua o te whenua me ngā tukanga e hanga ana i aua āhua. He whānui te whānuitanga o tēnei pūtaiao, mai i ngā tukanga horo me te whakatōpuku ki te whakamahinga o te hangarau geospatial me te rangahau paleogeomorphological. Ko te hiranga o te geomorphology i roto i te whenua kei roto i tōna kaha ki te whakarato i ngā mōhiohio whai hua mō te whakamahere me te whakahaere rauemi taiao, te whakaiti i ngā āhuatanga kino, te whakawhanaketanga hanganga, me te tiaki taiao . Ko ngā wero ā muri ake nei, inā koa ko ngā mea e pā ana ki te huringa āhuarangi me ngā whanaketanga hangarau, ka waiho te geomorphology hei kaupapa e whanake tonu ana, e whai tikanga ana hoki.
