Te Whakamahinga o te Wera i roto i te Ahumahi
Ko te wera, te pūngao wera rānei, tētahi o ngā momo pūngao e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā mahi ahumahi. Tata ki ngā rāngai hanga me te tukatuka katoa—mai i te kai me te inu ki ngā kakahu me ngā matū ki ngā konganuku—e whakamahi ana i te wera hei whakarerekē i ngā āhuatanga o ngā rauemi, hei whakatere i ngā tauhohenga, hei pupuri i te kounga o te hua, me te whakapai ake i te pai o te whakaputa. Mā te whakahaere tika, ka taea e te wera te whakaiti i ngā utu whakahaere, te whakanui ake i te hua, me te whakaiti i te pānga ki te taiao. E matapakihia ana e tēnei tuhinga te whakamahinga o te wera i roto i te ahumahi, ōna pūtake, ngā taputapu e whakamahia whānuitia ana, me ngā rautaki whai hua me te haumaru nui.
1. Te Tūranga o te Wera i roto i ngā Tukanga Ahumahi
I roto i te horopaki ahumahi, ka mahi te wera hei "kaha akiaki" mō ngā tukanga ā-tinana me ngā tukanga matū. Ka whakamahia te wera mō:
1. Te Whakamahana: Te whakaara ake i te pāmahana o te rauemi kia eke ki tētahi āhua, hei tauira, te whakamahana i te miraka i mua i te tukanga whakamātao.
2. Te Whakamaroke: Te whakaiti i te nui o te wai i roto i ngā rauemi, pērā i ngā ahumahi rakau, pepa, hua ahuwhenua rānei.
3. Te tunu kai me te whakahoromata: He mea noa i roto i te umanga kai hei patu i ngā moroiti me te whakaroa i te oranga o te kai.
4. Te whakarewa me te whakakoi: He mea nui i roto i ngā ahumahi whakarewa, karāhe me te kirihou hei hanga hua.
5. Te mimiti me te whakahoro: Whakamahia i roto i ngā ahumahi matū me te rongoā mō te purenga o ngā matū.
6. Ngā tauhohenga matū: He maha ngā tauhohenga e hiahia ana ki ngā pāmahana teitei, ki te whakahaere pāmahana tino pakari rānei, hei tauira te hanga haukini, sima, matū hinu rānei.
Nā te whānui o te mahi, he mea nui te whakahaere wera. Ka kino te kounga o te hua mēnā he nui rawa te pāmahana, engari ka kore e pai te tukanga mēnā he iti rawa te pāmahana.
2. Ngā Pūtake Wera e Whakamahia Ana
Ka whiwhi wera ngā ahumahi mai i ngā momo pūtake pūngao. Ko te whiriwhiri i te pūtake wera ka whai whakaaro ki te wātea o te wahie, te utu, te ngāwari o te whakahaere, te haumaru, me ngā taumata tukunga.
a. Te tahunga o ngā wahie parakihe
Ko tēnei pūtake wera te mea tino noa, inā koa i ngā whenua e whakawhirinaki tonu ana ki te hinu, te hau māori, te waro rānei. Ka whakamahia ngā pūnaha tahunga i roto i ngā kohua, ngā oumu, ngā oumu whakawera, me ngā oumu ahumahi. Ko ōna painga ko te ngāwari o te whakatinanatanga me te kaha ki te whakaputa i ngā pāmahana teitei, engari ko ngā wero ko ngā tukunga CO₂ me ngā poke.
b. Hiko (Whakamahana Hiko)
Ka whakamahia te whakamahana hiko i roto i ngā tukanga e hiahia ana kia tika te whakahaere i te pāmahana, pērā i te umanga hikohiko, ngā taiwhanga, me ētahi tukanga maimoatanga wera. Hei tauira, ko te whakamahana ātete, te whakamahana arataki, me te whakamahana ngaruiti. Ko tōna painga he mahi ma ake (kāore he paowa), engari ka nui ake pea ngā utu hiko i runga i te utu me te pūtake hiko.
c. Te mamaoa hei reo whakamahana
E kiia ana te mamaoa ko te "tuara" o ngā pūnaha whakamahana ahumahi nā te mea he ngāwari te tohatoha mā roto i ngā paipa, ā, ka taea te whakamahi mō te whakamahana ā-kore. Ka whakamahia te mamaoa mō te whakamahana i ngā tāke, ngā tauhohenga, te whakamātao, me te whakamahana i ngā wāhi wheketere. Ko te tikanga ka whakakahangia ēnei pūnaha e ngā kohua.
d. Pūngao Whakahou me te Wera Para
I te mea kei te piki haere te hiahia mō te whai huatanga me te whakaiti i ngā tukunga, kei te tīmata te ahumahi ki te whakamahi i ngā puna rerekē pērā i te koiora, te hau koiora, te pūngao waiariki, me te whakaora i te wera para. Ka taea te huri i te wera para mai i ngā auahi, i ngā putanga hau o te mīhini, i ngā tukanga tahunga rānei hei pūngao whai hua mā roto i ngā pūnaha economizer, ngā whakawhiti wera, ngā pūnaha cogeneration rānei.
3. Ngā Taputapu Ahumahi e Whakamahi ana i te Wera
Ko te whakamahinga wera i roto i te ahumahi he maha ngā momo taputapu me ngā pūnaha wera. Ko ētahi o ngā mea tino noa ko:
a. Pūwero
Ka whakaputahia e ngā kōhua te mamaoa, te wai wera rānei mō ngā momo tukanga. Ka pāngia te whai huatanga o te kōhua e te kounga wahie, te tiaki i te mura, te whakahaere mura, me te whakakorenga o te hau. Ka taea e te kōhua whai hua te penapena nui i te pūngao.
b. Whakawhiti Wera
Ka whakawhitihia te wera e ngā whakawhiti wera mai i tētahi wai ki tētahi atu, me te kore e whakaranua. He mea nui tēnei taputapu mō te whakamahana, te whakamatao, te whakatōtō, me te whakaora i te wera para. He maha ngā momo, tae atu ki ngā whakawhiti wera anga-me-ngā ...
c. Ngā Oumu Ahumahi, Ngā Pūrehu, me Ngā Oumu
E whakamahia ana ngā oumu me ngā oumu whakawera hei whakatutuki i ngā pāmahana teitei, hei tauira i roto i ngā ahumahi maitai, uku, me te sima. E whakamahia whānuitia ana ngā oumu ahumahi hei whakamaroke, hei whakamaroke, hei tunu kai. Ko te whakahaere pāmahana me te rere o te hau ngā mea matua hei whakatutuki i ngā hua ōrite.
d. Ngā Pūnaha Whakamatao me te Papu Wera
Ahakoa he mea hanga hei whakamatao, ka "whakahaere wera" anō hoki ngā pūnaha whakamatao mā te whakawhiti mai i tētahi wāhi ki tētahi wāhi. Ka taea hoki e ngā papu wera te whakamahi i te wera taiao, te wera para rānei hei whakamahana i ngā tukanga i ngā pāmahana waenga, ā, ka penapena pūngao.
4. Ngā Tauira o te Whakamahinga o te Wera i roto i ngā Rāngai Rerekē
a. Te Ahumahi Kai me te Inu
Ka whakamahia te wera hei whakamātao i te miraka, hei whakahoromata i ngā kai kēne, hei tunu huka, hei whakamaroke kawhe, tae noa ki te tunu taro. Ko te wero matua ko te pupuri i te kounga o te reka, te kakano, me te kai totika, me te whakarite hoki i te haumaru o te kai.
b. Ahumahi Kakahu
Ko te whakamahana wai, te whakamaroke kakahu, me te whakamahi i te mamaoa hei whakaoti i ngā mahi tae. Ko te whai huatanga o te wera ka whakatauhia nuitia e te whakahaere i ngā kōhua, te whakamarumaru o ngā paipa, me te whakaora i te wera mai i te wai para wera.
c. Ahumahi Matū me te Rongoā
E hiahiatia ana te wera mō ngā tauhohenga werawera, te whakatō, te mimiti, me te whakatioata. He mea nui te whakahaere tika i te pāmahana nā te mea ka pā ki ngā tere tauhohenga, te parakore o te hua, me te haumaru o te tukanga (hei tauira, te mōrearea o ngā tauhohenga oma).
d. Te Ahumahi Whakarewa me te Hanga
I roto i te mahi whakarewa, ka whakamahia te wera mō te whakarewa, te hanga, me ngā maimoatanga wera pērā i te whakamahana me te tinei. Ko te whāinga he whakarerekē i te hanganga moroiti o te whakarewa kia eke ki te kaha, te mārō, me te pakari e ai ki ngā whakaritenga.
e. Te Ahumahi Sima me te Uku
He ahumahi rongonui tēnei e whakamahi ana i te kaha nui, e hiahiatia ana he pāmahana tino teitei i roto i ngā oumu hei hanga i te kirīni, i te uku ahi rānei. Koinei te wāhi e whai wāhi nui ai te whakaora i te wera para ki te whakaiti i ngā utu pūngao.
5. Te Whai Hua o te Pūngao me te Penapena Wera
Nā te mea he wāhanga nui o te whakaputanga ngā utu pūngao, he maha ngā ahumahi e whakatinana ana i ngā rautaki whai hua mō te wera, tae atu ki:
1. Te whakamahana i ngā paipa mamaoa, ngā kohua, ngā tāke me ngā tauhohenga hei whakaiti i te ngaronga wera.
2. Te whakaora i te wera para mā te whakamahi i te economizer (te wai whāngai o te poihau whakamahana) me te whakawhiti wera rānei hei whakamahana i ngā rauemi mata.
3. Te arotau i te tahunga mā te whakahaere i te ōwehenga hau-wahie kia tino tika ai te tahunga me te whakaiti i ngā tukunga.
4. Te tiaki i ia wā hei ārai i te kohikohinga o te unahi i roto i te pōro me te poke i roto i te whakawhiti wera, ka whakaiti i te pai o te whakawhiti wera.
5. Ngā mahi aunoa me ngā taputapu pēnei i ngā pūoko pāmahana, ngā mita rere, me ngā pūnaha whakahaere hei pupuri i ngā mahi i ngā āhuatanga tino pai.
6. Te whakaputanga tahi (CHP), e whakaputa ana i te hiko me te wera i te wā kotahi mai i te pūtake pūngao kotahi, kia nui ake ai te whakamahinga pūngao.
Mā tēnei huarahi, ka taea te tino whakapiki i te whai huatanga, ahakoa te penapena pūngao o te 10–30% ehara i te mea kāore e taea i ngā whare i maumauria i mua.
6. Te Haumaru Mahi i te Whakamahinga o te Wera
He hononga tonu te whakamahinga o te wera ki ngā mōrearea, inā koa i roto i ngā pūnaha pēhanga teitei (korohū), ngā pāmahana tino kino (ngā oumu me ngā oumu), me ngā wahie mura. Me whakatinana e ngā ahumahi:
– Ngā paerewa whakahaere tino pakari me ngā tikanga haumaru
– Te whakangungu kaimahi e pā ana ki te whakahaere i ngā kohua, ngā takirere, me ngā taputapu wera
– Ngā pūnaha tiaki pērā i ngā takirere whakamāmā, ngā whakaoho pāmahana, me te whakaweto aunoa
– Ngā taputapu tiaki whaiaro (PPE) hei ārai i ngā weranga
– Ngā arotakenga haumaru me ngā tirotiro ā-wā o ngā taputapu pēhanga
Ehara i te mea ka tiaki noa i ngā kaimahi te haumaru pai, engari ka ārai hoki i te wā kore mahi whakaputa me ngā mate pūtea.
7. Whakamutunga
He mea nui te wera i roto i te ao ahumahi, e whakamahia ana mō te whakamahana, te whakamaroke, te whakarewa, te whakahoro, tae noa ki te tautoko i ngā tauhohenga matū. Ko te angitu o ngā tukanga ahumahi e whakawhirinaki nui ana ki te āhua o te whakaputanga, te tohatoha, te whakahaere, me te whakaora i te wera. I tēnei wā hou, ko te arotahi ki te whakamahinga wera ehara i te mea ko te angitu whakaputa anake, engari ko te whai hua o te pūngao, te whakaiti i ngā tukunga, me te haumaru mahi. Mā ngā hangarau pēnei i ngā whakawhiti wera whai hua ake, te whakaora wera para, te whakahaere aunoa, me te whakamahinga o te pūngao whakahou, ka taea tonu e te ahumahi te tipu whai hua me te pumau.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te whakarerekē i tēnei tuhinga kia 1000 kupu tonu, ka taea rānei te hanga i tētahi hanganga mātauranga (kupu whakataki–tikanga–kōrero–whakamutunga) kia rite ki ngā whakaritenga o te kura/kāreti.
