Pepa Ahupūngao mō ngā Ture a Newton
Pendahuluan
Ko te ahupūngao he peka o te pūtaiao taiao e ako ana i ngā āhuatanga me ngā whanonga o te ao whānui mā te tirotiro, te ine, me te whakatakoto i ngā ture whānui e pā ana. Ko tētahi o ngā kaupapa matua o te ahupūngao matarohia ko ngā Ture Nekehanga a Newton. I titoa ēnei ture e Tā Isaac Newton i te rautau 17, ā, koinei te pūtake mō te mārama ki te nekehanga o ngā mea me te awe o ngā kaha i ngā huringa o taua nekehanga. Ahakoa te putanga mai o te whanaungatanga hou me te miihini irahiko, he mea nui tonu ngā Ture a Newton mō te whakamārama i ngā āhuatanga o ia rā, inā koa i runga i te tauine o ngā mea e neke ana i ngā tere iti iho i te tere o te mārama.
Ehara ngā ture a Newton i te huinga tātai noa iho, engari he anga pūtaiao hei whakaaroaro i te whanaungatanga i waenga i te kaha, te papatipu, me te whakaterenga. He whānui ā rātou tono, mai i te tatau i te nekehanga waka me te hoahoa piriti ki te tātari hākinakina, tae atu ki te rererangi me te hangarau ātea. Ka matapakihia e tēnei pepa ngā ture e toru a Newton, ngā ariā o te kaha me te papatipu, me ngā tauira o ā rātou tono i roto i te oranga o ia rā.
Ngā Ariā Taketake: Te Kaha, te Papatipu, me te Nekehanga
I mua i te matapaki i ngā ture e toru a Newton, he mea nui kia mārama ki ngā ariā matua e pā ana. Ko te kaha he pana, he tō rānei e taea ai te whakarerekē i te āhua o te nekehanga o tētahi mea. He rahi, he ahunga hoki te kaha, ā, he rahinga whārite. Ko te waeine SI mō te kaha ko te Newton (N), e tautuhia ana ko te kaha e hiahiatia ana hei tuku i te whakaterenga o te 1 m/s² ki tētahi papatipu o te 1 kg.
Ko te papatipu he ine i te koretake o te mea, arā, tōna āhua ki te pupuri i tōna āhua nekehanga. Ka nui ake te papatipu o te mea, ka uaua ake te whakatere, te aukati rānei. He rerekē te papatipu i te taumaha. Ko te taumaha te kaha ā-papa e pā ana ki te mea, nō reira, ka whakawhirinaki ki te whakatere ā-papa o te rohe.
I roto i te ahupūngao, ka akohia te nekehanga mā roto i ngā rahinga tūnga, tere, me te whakaterenga. Ko te tere e tohu ana i te tere o te huringa o te tūnga e pā ana ki te wā, ko te whakaterenga ia e tohu ana i te huringa o te tere mō ia wae wā. Ka honoa e ngā ture a Newton te kaha ki te whakaterenga, ā, ka whakaratohia he piriti i waenganui i te take (kaha) me te pānga (te huringa o te nekehanga).
Te Ture Tuatahi a Newton (Te Ture o te Āhuakore)
E mea ana te Ture Tuatahi a Newton: "Ka noho okioki te mea, ka neke rānei i te rārangi tika i te tere pumau mēnā he kore te kaha kupenga e pā ana ki a ia." Ko te tikanga tēnei, mēnā kāore he kaha kupenga e pā ana ki tētahi mea, e kore te mea e pāngia e te huringa o te tere.
Ko te ariā matua o tēnei ture ko te inertia. Mā te inertia ka whakamāramahia te take e panaia ai ngā pāhihi waka ki mua ina pēhi ohoreretia te waka. I te whakaroa o te waka, ka mau tonu te nekehanga whakamua o te tinana o te pāhihi nā te inertia. Koia te hiranga o ngā whitiki nohoanga, nā te mea ka whakaratohia he kaha hei aukati i te tinana kia haere tonu ki mua.
Ko tētahi atu tauira he mea i runga i te tēpu. Ka noho okioki te mea nā te mea kāore he kaha whakapae e neke ai; ka taurite te kaha o te papa ki raro me te kaha o te papa ki runga, nō reira ko te kaha hua he kore. Nō reira, e whakanui ana te ture tuatahi ka puta he huringa nekehanga mēnā he kaha hua kāore i te kore.
Te Ture Tuarua a Newton (Te Hononga i waenga i te Kaha, te Papatipu, me te Whakaterenga)
Ko te Ture Tuarua a Newton te kaupapa matua o te miihini matarohia, ā, e kī ana: "Ko te whakaterenga o tētahi mea he rite ki te kaha e pā ana ki a ia, ā, he rite whakamuri ki tōna papatipu." Mā te pāngarau, ka hangaia penei:
ΣF = m · a
I konei, ko ΣF te kaha hua (N), ko m te papatipu (kg), ā, ko a te whakaterenga (m/s²). E whakaatu ana tēnei tātai i ngā kōrero nui e rua. Tuatahi, ko te nui ake o te kaha e pā ana ki tētahi mea he papatipu pumau, ko te nui ake o te whakaterenga e puta mai ana. Tuarua, mō te kaha ōrite, ka iti ake te whakaterenga o tētahi mea he nui ake te papatipu.
Hei tauira, he māmā ake te pana i tētahi kete hokohoko kau i te pana i tētahi kete kī. He nui ake te taumaha o te kete kī, nō reira he iti ake te whakaterenga mō te kaha pana ōrite. He mārama hoki ngā tauira hākinakina: he māmā ake te whakatere i tētahi pōro tēnehi i tētahi pōro poihau nā te mea he iti ake tōna taumaha.
Ka āwhina hoki te Ture Tuarua o Newton ki te tātari i ngā kaha e pā ana ki tētahi mea, pērā i te waku, te kume i roto i te taura, te kaha puna, me te kaha ā-papa. I te whakaoti rapanga, ka whakamahia he hoahoa tinana-kore hei mahere i ngā kaha katoa e mahi ana kia taea ai te tatau tika i te kaha ka puta.
Te Ture Tuatoru a Newton (Te Mahi me te Tauhohenga)
E mea ana te Ture Tuatoru a Newton: "Mō ia mahi, he tauhohenga ōrite, he tauhohenga ritenga kē." Ko te tikanga tēnei, ki te whakamahia e te mea A he kaha ki te mea B, ka whakamahia e te mea B he kaha ōrite ki te mea A engari i te huarahi ritenga kē.
He maha ngā wā ka hē te mārama ki tēnei ture nā te mea e whakaaro ana te tangata ka whakakorea tetahi e te mahi me te tauhohenga. Inaa, ka pā ēnei kaha e rua ki ngā mea rerekē e rua, nō reira kāore e whakakorea tetahi e tetahi ki te mea kotahi. Hei tauira, ina tū te tangata ki runga i te papa, ka tukuna e ōna waewae he kaha ki raro ki runga i te papa (mahi), ā, ka tukuna e te papa he kaha noa ki runga ki ōna waewae (tauhohenga). Nā te mea he nui te kaha tauhohenga mai i te papa hei taurite i tōna taumaha, ka taea e te tangata te tū me te kore e hinga.
Ko tētahi atu tauira rongonui ko te nekehanga o te rōkete. Ka pupuhi whakamuri te rōkete i te hau i te tere teitei (mahi), kātahi ka pana whakamua te hau ki te rōkete (tauhohenga), ka pana ake te rōkete ki runga. E pā ana te kaupapa kotahi ki te poihau e kore e herea: ka puta te hau ki tētahi taha, ā, ka panaia te poihau ki te taha kē.
Te Whakamahinga o ngā Ture a Newton i te Oranga o Ia Rā
Ka kitea ngā ture a Newton i roto i ngā mahi maha. I roto i te kawe waka, ka whakaarohia e te hoahoa waka ngā momo kaha pēnei i te mana o te miihini, te ātete hau, me te waku potae. Ina huri te waka, ka hiahiatia te kaha pokapū hei pupuri i te ara porowhita o te waka; ki te kore e ranea te waku, ka taea e te waka te paheke.
I roto i te hangarau, me tātari te taurite kaha (Ture Tuatahi a Newton) mō te hanganga o ngā whare me ngā piriti. Me hoahoa ngā hanganga kia kore ai e hinga ngā kaha me ngā aukume e puta mai ana i ngā pūwāhi motuhake. I roto i te hangarau taputapu taumaha, ka whakamahia te Ture Tuarua a Newton hei whakatau i te kaha e hiahiatia ana e te mīhini hei hiki, hei neke rānei i tētahi kawenga motuhake.
I roto i ngā hākinakina, ka whakamahia e ngā kaitākaro te ture o te mahi-tauhohenga. Ka pana whakamuri te kai-oma ki te whenua, ka pana whakamua te kai-oma. Ka pana whakamuri te kauhoe ki te wai, ka pana whakamua te kauhoe. Ko te kaha ake o te kaha pana, ko te nui ake o te whakaterenga ka puta.
Ngā Here o ngā Ture a Newton
Ahakoa he tino whai hua, he iti noa iho ngā herenga o ngā ture a Newton. He tino tika ēnei mō ngā mea makaro i ngā tere iti. I ngā tere e tata ana ki te tere o te mārama, ka nui ake te tika o te ariā whanaungatanga a Einstein nā te mea kāore te papatipu me te wā whai hua e tino tika ana. I te tauine o ngā ngota me ngā matūriki iti-ngota, he mea tika te miihini irahiko nā te mea kāore e taea te whakamārama i te whanonga o ngā matūriki mā ngā kaha me ngā ara matarohia anake.
Heoi, mō te nuinga o ngā raruraru o ia rā me te maha o ngā tono hangarau, ko ngā Ture a Newton tonu te huarahi matua nā te mea he māmā, he whai hua, he tika hoki.
Whakamutunga
He tūāpapa nui ngā ture a Newton i roto i te ahupūngao matarohia e whakamārama ana i te whanaungatanga i waenga i te kaha me te nekehanga. E kī ana te Ture Tuatahi a Newton ka mau tonu te āhua o te nekehanga o tētahi mea mena he kore te kaha e puta mai ana. E whakamārama ana te Ture Tuarua a Newton he rite tonu te tere o te whakaterenga ki te kaha e puta mai ana, ā, he rite whakamuri ki te papatipu, i hangaia ko ΣF = m·a. E whakanui ana te Ture Tuatoru a Newton i te mātāpono o te mahi-tauhohenga, arā, he hoa tonu tō ia kaha he rite te rahi me te ahunga whakamuri.
Mā te mārama ki ēnei ture e toru, ka taea e tātou te tātari i te whānuitanga o ngā āhuatanga taiao me ngā āhuatanga hangarau, mai i te nekehanga māmā o te ao o ia rā ki te hoahoa o ngā mīhini me ngā waka. Ahakoa ō rātou herenga i roto i ngā āhuatanga tino kino, kei te whai tikanga tonu ngā Ture a Newton, ā, ko tētahi o ngā whakatutukitanga nui rawa atu i roto i te hītori o te pūtaiao.
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Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te tāpiri i tētahi rārangi pukapuka, he kupu whakataki, he hanga rānei i tētahi putanga "kura" (me te whakamārama, te tauākī raruraru, ngā whāinga, te matapakinga, me te whakatau).
