Te Mahi a te Mana Pūngao Rā
Ko te pūngao o te rā tētahi o ngā puna pūngao whakahou nui rawa atu o te Ao. I ia rā, ka tukuna mai e te rā he nui rawa te pūngao ka taea te whakamahi mō ngā momo hiahia o te tangata, mai i te whakaputa hiko ki te whakamahana wai. I waenganui i te pikinga ake o te tono pūngao me ngā āwangawanga mō ngā pānga o te huringa āhuarangi, kei te piki haere te hiranga o te whakamahi i te pūngao o te rā. Engari me pēhea te mahi a te pūngao o te rā? Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga ngā ariā taketake, me pēhea te mahi, ngā wāhanga matua, me ngā āhuatanga e pā ana ki te mahi a ngā pūnaha hiko o te rā.
Pūngao Rā hei Rauemi Whakahou
Ka tukuna e te rā te pūngao i roto i te āhua o te irahiko hikohiko. Ko ētahi o ēnei irahiko ka tae ki te mata o te Ao hei mārama e kitea ana, hei mārama whero-whero, hei mārama ultraviolet hoki. Ka taea te hopu i tēnei pūngao me te huri hei momo pūngao whai hua. Kāore i rite ki ngā wahie pūmua, he iti nei te rahi, ā, he nui ngā tukunga waro e puta ana, he mea whakahou te pūngao o te rā, kāore e pau i te wā e whakamahia ana e te tangata, ā, he pai ki te taiao ina whakamahia.
Ko te whakamahinga o te pūngao o te rā e wehea whānuitia ana ki ngā wāhanga e rua: te pūngao o te rā photovoltaic (PV) hei whakaputa hiko me te pūngao o te rā wera hei whakaputa wera. He rerekē ngā mātāpono o te mahi a ēnei e rua, ahakoa e whakamahia ana e rāua te hihi o te rā.
Te Mahi a ngā Paewhiri Rā Photovoltaic (PV)
Ka hurihia tika te hihi o te rā e ngā pūnaha photovoltaic hei hiko. Ko te kaupapa matua ko te pānga photovoltaic, he āhuatanga e whakaputa ai ngā rauemi semiconductor i te iahiko hiko ina pāngia e te mārama.
1. Ngā Rauemi Ārahi me ngā Hononga PN
He maha ngā pūtau rā e hangaia ana e ngā panera rā. Ko ngā pūtau rā he mea hanga i te silicon, he rauemi haurua-ira ka taea te kawe hiko i raro i ētahi āhuatanga. Hei whakaputa hiko, ka "whakaranua" te silicon kia rua ngā paparanga motuhake:
– Momo-N, he nui rawa ngā irahiko (utu kino).
– Momo-P, kāore he irahiko, he "pū" rānei (utu pai).
Ina honoa ēnei paparanga e rua, ka hangaia he hononga PN. Ka hangaia he mara hiko ā-roto i te hononga, e whai wāhi nui ana ki te wehewehe i ngā utu.
2. Te mimiti i te whakaahua me te hanganga o te pū irahiko
He matūriki pūngao kei roto i te hihi o te rā, e kiia nei ko ngā photon. Ina pā te photon ki tētahi pūtau rā, ka taea te mimiti i tōna pūngao e te silicon. Mēnā he nui te pūngao o te photon, ka "tukuna" e ia tētahi irahiko mai i tōna hononga, ka hanga he takirua irahiko-pōhao.
3. Te Wehenga o te Utu e te Papa Hiko
Ka panaia ngā irahiko e te papa hiko i te hononga PN ki te paparanga momo-N, me ngā kōhao ki te paparanga momo-P. Ka ārai tēnei wehenga i te honohono anō o ngā irahiko ki ngā kōhao, ka puta he rerekētanga pūmanawa (ngaohiko).
4. Te Hanganga o te Iahiko Hiko i roto i te Porowhita
Ina honoa he pūtau rā ki tētahi ara iahiko o waho, ka rere ngā irahiko mā roto i ngā waea ka hoki ki tērā taha. Ko tēnei rere o ngā irahiko ka hanga he iahiko hiko. Ko te hiko e whakaputaina ana e ngā panera rā he iahiko tika (DC). Heoi, he maha ngā taputapu whare me ngā whatunga hiko e whakamahi ana i te iahiko tauutuutu (AC), e hiahia ana ki ētahi atu taputapu.
Ngā Wāhanga Matua o te Pūnaha Pūnaha Hiko Rā (PLTS)
Kia taea ai te whakamahi haumaru me te whai hua i te hiko mai i te rā, he maha ngā wāhanga matua o te pūnaha PV:
1. Ngā panera rā (ngā kōwae PV)
Hopukia te hihi o te rā, ka whakaputa hiko DC.
2. Pūwhakahuri
Ka huri i te hiko DC ki te hiko AC kia taea ai te whakamahi e ngā taputapu, te tohatoha rānei ki te whatunga.
3. Pūmana whakahaere utu pūngao rā (i runga i te pūnaha pākahiko)
Whakahaerehia te utunga o te pākahiko hei ārai i te utu nui rawa, te tukunga nui rawa rānei.
4. Pūhiko (whiringa kore)
Penapenahia te pūngao mō te whakamahi i te pō, i te wā rānei e kapua ana te rangi.
5. Hanganga whakairi me ngā taura
E tautoko ana i te panera i tētahi koki, ā, e kawe haumaru ana i te hiko.
6. Mita me te tiaki hiko
Kei roto ko te MCB, te parenga ngaru, te whenua, me ngā taputapu aroturuki mō te aroturuki haumaru me te mahi.
I te nuinga o te wā, he maha ngā momo whirihoranga o ngā tipu hiko o te rā: kei runga i te whatunga (e hono ana ki te whatunga), kei waho i te whatunga (e tū motuhake ana me ngā pākahiko), me te ranu (e whakakotahi ana i te whatunga me ngā pākahiko).
Te Mahi a te Mana Wera o te Rā
He rerekē ki te PV, e huri ana i te māramatanga hei hiko, ka whakamahia e ngā pūnaha pūngao rā wera te pūngao o te rā hei wera. He māmā ake te mātāpono: ka mimitihia te hihi o te rā e tētahi mata motuhake, kātahi ka whakamahia te wera hei whakamahana i tētahi wai (wai, wai whakawhiti wera rānei).
1. Ngā Kaikohi Rā me te Mimihanga Wera
Ko te wāhanga matua o tētahi pūnaha wera ko te kaikohi rā, he panera he mata mimiti pouri te tae. Ka āwhina te tae pouri ki te mimiti i te hihi me te whakaiti i te whakaata mārama.
2. Te Whakawhiti Wera ki ngā Wai
Kei muri i te mata o te kaikohi he paipa e rere ai te wai, te wai motuhake rānei. I te wera o te mata o te kaikohi, ka whakawhitia te pūngao ki te wai mā te ara iahiko me te whakawhiti hiko. Kātahi ka tukuna te wai wera ki te tāke rokiroki, ka whakamahia tika rānei.
3. Ngā Whakamahinga Wera o te Rā
E whakamahia whānuitia ana te pūngao wera o te rā mō:
– whakamahana wai o te whare (whakamahana wai rā),
– te whakamahana puna kaukau,
– ngā tukanga whakamahana i roto i te ahumahi,
– ki ngā tipu hiko wera o te rā (CSP) nui e whakaemi ana i te māramatanga me ngā whakaata hei whakaputa i te mamaoa me te huri i ngā tāpine.
Ngā Take e Pā Ana ki te Mahi a te Pūngao Rā
Ahakoa te nui o te hihi o te rā, he nui te pānga o ngā āhuatanga e whai ake nei ki te kaha e puta mai ana i ngā pūnaha rā:
1. Te kaha o te hihi o te rā
Ka nui ake te kaha o te mārama, ka nui ake te pūngao ka puta. Ka pāngia te kaha e te tauwāhi whenua, te wā, me ngā āhuatanga o te āhuarangi.
2. Te koki me te aronga o te panera
Ka tino pai te mahi a ngā panera rā ina pā te rā ki te mata i te taha poutū. Nō reira, me whakarite te whakatakotoranga me te piko o ngā panera ki te whānui o te wāhi.
3. Te pāmahana o te papa
He mea whakamīharo, ka iti haere te whai huatanga o ngā panera PV rā ina tino teitei rawa te pāmahana. Mā te hauhautanga me te tawhiti atu i te tuanui ka āwhina i te whakaiti i te wera nui.
4. Ngā atarangi me te paru
Ka taea e ngā atarangi o ngā rākau, o ngā whare, o ngā pūihi rānei te whakaiti i te putanga hiko. Ka whakaitihia hoki e te puehu me te paru te urunga o te mārama, me horoi tonu ngā panera.
5. Te kounga o ngā wāhanga me te tāutanga
Ka taea e ngā kaitahuri, ngā taura, ngā hononga me te parenga kore-paerewa te whakararu i te pūngao me ngā mōrearea haumaru.
Ngā Painga me ngā Wero o te Pūngao Rā
He maha ngā painga o te pūngao rā: he kore utu, he iti noa ngā tukunga, he iti noa te tiaki e hiahiatia ana, ā, ka taea te tāuta ki ngā tauine iti me ngā tauine nui. Hei tāpiri, ka taea e ngā panera rā te āwhina ki te whakaiti i te whakawhirinaki ki te hiko pūmua.
Heoi anō, kei reira anō ngā wero nui, inā koa ko te wā poto (ka whakawhirinaki te whakaputanga ki te rangi me ngā huringa awatea-pō) me te whakaritenga wāhi mō ngā whakaurunga nui. Ko ngā otinga noa ko te whakamahi i ngā pākahiko, ngā pūnaha ranu, me ngā whakapainga i te whai huatanga o ngā panera me te whakahaere pūngao.
Te Katinga
Ko te kaupapa matua o te hiko o te rā ko te hopu i te hihi o te rā, ka huri hei pūngao whai hua, mā te hiko rānei mā te pānga photovoltaic, mā te wera rānei mā te pūnaha wera. Mēnā he tika ngā wāhanga, he pai te hoahoa, me te tiaki tika, ka taea e te hiko o te rā te noho hei pou nui i roto i te whakawhiti ki te pūngao ma. I te heke mai, mā te auahatanga hangarau, te whakaiti utu, me te tautoko kaupapa here ka tere ake te tango i te hiko o te rā hei otinga pūngao pumau mō te hapori.
