Te Whakamahinga o te Ahupūngao i roto i te Hangarau Whakawhitiwhiti Kōrero
Ko te hangarau whakawhitiwhiti kōrero tētahi o ngā whakatutukitanga nui o te ao hou. Mai i ngā waea pūkoro, te reo irirangi, te pouaka whakaata, tae atu ki te ipurangi tere-rahi, ka taea e te tangata te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero tere me te kore e herea e te tawhiti. Kei muri i tēnei whai wāhitanga he tūranga nui i roto i te ahupūngao, e whakarato ana i te turanga pūtaiao mō te whakaputa, te tuku, te whakanui, me te whiwhi tohu. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga te whakamahinga o ngā ariā ahupūngao ki te hangarau whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, mai i ngā ngaru hikohiko me ngā haurua-ira ki ngā muka whatu me ngā amiorangi.
Ngā Ngaru Hikohiko hei Waenga mō te Tuku Mōhiohio
Ko ngā ngaru hikohiko te pūtake o ngā pūnaha whakawhitiwhiti kōrero hou. Ka taea e ēnei ngaru te horapa ahakoa kāore he reo, ā, ka taea e rātou te haere ahakoa i roto i te korehau. Koinei te mea e taea ai te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero amiorangi me te tuku tohu mai i te tuku ki te kaiwhiwhi mamao.
He whānui te whānuitanga o ngā ngaru hikohiko, mai i ngā ngaru reo irirangi, ngā ngaru hikohiko, te pūwhero, te mārama kitea, te ultraviolet, ngā hihi-X, me ngā hihi gamma. He āhuatanga me ngā whakamahinga motuhake tō ia momo. Hei tauira, ka whakamahia ngā ngaru reo irirangi mō te whakapaoho reo irirangi me te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero tawhiti, ko ngā ngaru hikohiko ia ka whakamahia mō te Wi-Fi, te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero pūkoro, me te radar. Ko te whiriwhiri i te momo ngaru ka whakawhirinaki ki ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te whānuitanga, te urunga ārai, te kaha mōhiohio, me te whai huatanga o te pūngao.
I roto i ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, ka "whakapiripiritia" ngā mōhiohio ki runga i tētahi ngaru kawe mā roto i tētahi tukanga e kiia nei ko te whakarerekētanga. I te taha tinana, ko te whakarerekētanga ko te huringa o ngā tawhā ngaru, pērā i te kaha (AM), te auau (FM), te āhua rānei (PM). Mā te whakarerekētanga ka āwhina i ngā tohu reo, raraunga rānei ki te "piggyback" i runga i ngā ngaru hikohiko, ka taea ai e rātou te haere atu me te ātete ake ki te pokanoa.
Ngā Mātāpono o te Tuku me te Whiwhi: Ngā Antenna me te Āhuatanga
He taputapu nui te pūihi e huri ana i ngā tohu hiko hei ngaru hikohiko (kaituku) hei ngaru rānei (kaiwhiwhi). Ka mahi ngā pūihi i runga i ngā mātāpono o te ahupūngao hikohiko: mā ngā ia hiko e huri haere ana ka puta he momo āpure hiko me te aukume, kātahi ka tukuna ngā ngaru.
He nui te awe o te ariā o te haruru ki te hoahoa o te pūihi. Ko te roa o te pūihi ka whakaritea kia rite ki te roangaru o te tohu hei whakanui ake i te pai o te hihi, te whiwhi rānei. Hei tauira, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia he pūihi haurua-ngaru (λ/2) nā te mea he pai te haruru i ētahi auau. Koia te take he rerekē te rahi o ngā pūihi mō te reo irirangi FM i ērā mō ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero Wi-Fi, nā te mea he rerekē ngā auau me ngā roangaru.
Ngā Hikohiko me ngā Pūrere Whakawhitiwhiti Kōrero: Te Ngākau o ngā Pūrere Whakawhitiwhiti Kōrero Hou
Ahakoa ko ngā ngaru hikohiko te reo matua, ko ngā taputapu tukatuka tohu e whakawhirinaki nui ana ki te ahupūngao totoka, inā koa ko ngā haurua-ira. Ko ngā transistors, ngā diodes, me ngā ara iahiko whakauru (ICs) ngā wāhanga e āhei ai te whakanui, te tukatuka, te whakawaehere, me te whakamāori i ngā tohu.
He āhuatanga ahurei tō ngā haurua-whakahaere pērā i te silicon: ka taea te whakahaere i tō rātou kawe hiko mā te tāpiri i ngā rauemi momo-n me te momo-p. Ina huihuia ki roto i te hononga p-n, ka hangaia he diode, ka taea ai te rere o te iahiko hiko i te kotahi te ahunga, he mea nui mō te whakatikatika tohu me te tango i ngā tohu. I taua wā, ka taea e ngā transistors te mahi hei whakakaha me te pana, ka taea ai te whakaputa tohu reo irirangi, te whakakaha i ngā tohu ngoikore, me te tukatuka mamati i roto i ngā waea atamai me ngā pouara.
Hei tāpiri atu ki tēnā, kua whai wāhi ngā whanaketanga o te ahupūngao matū ki te māramatanga o ngā āputa roopu haurua-ira me te āhuatanga keri rua e whakamahia ana i roto i ētahi wāhanga hou. Me i kore ngā turanga o te ahupūngao matū, kua kore e tutuki te whakaitiiti o ngā maramara me te whai huatanga o ngā taputapu whakawhitiwhiti kōrero pēnei i ēnei rā.
Ngā Whakawhitiwhiti Mamati: Te Ariā Tohu, te Haruru, me te Whakawaehere
Ko ngā pūnaha matihiko te mea e kaha ana ki te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero o ēnei rā. I roto i ēnei pūnaha, ka hurihia ngā mōhiohio ki ngā tau rua (0 me te 1) kātahi ka tukuna hei pāorooro, hei tohu matihiko rānei. He mahi tā te ahupūngao ki te mārama ki ngā āhuatanga tohu, ngā tere tuku raraunga, me te pokanoa, te haruru rānei.
Ko te haruru he pokanoa matapōkere e puta mai ana i te taiao (hei tauira, te uira, ētahi atu taputapu hiko) i te pūnaha tonu rānei, pērā i te haruru wera i puta mai i te nekehanga matapōkere o ngā irahiko i roto i ngā wāhanga. E whakamārama ana te ahupūngao wera i ngā pāmahana i runga ake i te kore tino, ka neke haere tonu ngā matūriki, ka hangaia he piki me te heke o te ngaohiko iti ka taea te pokanoa ki ngā tohu. Nō reira, me whakamahi ngā pūnaha whakawhitiwhiti kōrero i ngā tikanga whakanui, tātari, me te whakatika hapa hei whakarite kia tika te whiwhi raraunga.
He mea tino nui anō hoki te ariā o te whānui o te raraunga. Ko te nui ake o te whānui o te raraunga, ko te nui ake o te kaha raraunga ka taea te tuku. I roto i te ahupūngao ngaru, ko te whānui o te raraunga e pā ana ki te whānuitanga auau e whakamahia ana e te tohu. Ka whakamahia e ngā hangarau 4G me te 5G te whānui ake o te whānui o te raraunga me ngā tikanga whakarerekētanga matatini ake hei whakanui ake i te tere o te ipurangi.
Muka Whatu: Te Whakamahinga Mārama me te Whakaata Katoa
Ko tētahi o ngā whakamahinga tino hou o te ahupūngao i roto i ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ko te muka whatu. Ka whakamahia e tēnei reo te mārama hei kaikawe mōhiohio, ka taea ai te tuku raraunga nui i ngā tere teitei me te iti o te whakaiti.
Ko te kaupapa matua o te muka whatu ko te whakaata ā-roto katoa. Ko te mārama e tomo ana ki te matua muka ka whakaata tonu i roto i a ia nā te rerekētanga o te taupū whakaata i waenga i te matua me te uhi. Mēnā he nui ake te koki o te putanga mai i te koki matua, kāore te mārama e mawhiti i te muka, ā, ka mau tonu, ka taea te tuku tawhiti.
Ko te whakamahinga o ngā taiaho me ngā rama LED hei pūtake māramatanga e uru ana hoki ki te ahupūngao matū, inā koa te ariā o te tukunga whakaohooho i roto i ngā taiaho. Ka whakaputahia e ngā taiaho te māramatanga mārama me te ahunga, ā, he mea tino pai mō te tuku tohu mā roto i ngā muka whatu. Mā tēnei hangarau ka taea te whakahaere tere me te pumau o ngā whatunga ipurangi o te ao, pērā i ngā taura ruku moana o waenga whenua.
Ngā Amiorangi me ngā Whakawhitiwhitinga Tawhiti: Ngā Āmiotanga me ngā Ngaruiti
Ko ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero amiorangi he tauira o te whakamahinga o te ahupūngao e whakakotahi ana i te miihini matarohia me te hikohiko. Ka whakanohoia ngā amiorangi ki ngā porowhita motuhake, pērā i ngā porowhita whenua-tūturu, kia āhua "tūturu" ai rātou e pā ana ki te mata o te Ao. Ka mahi ngā amiorangi hei kaiwhakahoki: ka whiwhi tohu mai i ngā teihana whenua, ka whakanui ake, kātahi ka tuku anō ki ētahi atu rohe.
He maha ngā whakamahinga o ngā ngaruiti i roto i ngā whakawhitiwhitinga amiorangi nā te mea ka taea e rātou te kawe i ngā raraunga nui, ā, ka taea hoki te whakahaere mā te whakamahi i ngā pūihi parabolic. Ko te kaupapa o ngā pūihi parabolic he whakaata i ngā ngaru ki tētahi pūwāhi arotahi, he kohikohi me te whakanui i te tohu. Heoi anō, ka pāngia hoki ngā ngaruiti e ngā āhuatanga o te āhuarangi pērā i te memeha o te ua, nō reira me tātari te hoahoa pūnaha i ngā āhuatanga ahupūngao o te āhuarangi me te horapa o te ngaru.
Ngā Hangarau Ahokore Hou: Wi-Fi, Nihokikorangi, me te 5G
Ka whakamahia e te hangarau ahokore te reo irirangi me ngā ngaruiti hei hono i ngā taputapu kāore he waea. Ka whakamahia e te Wi-Fi me te Nihokikorangi ngā auau motuhake (te nuinga o te 2,4 GHz me te 5 GHz) me ngā tikanga tukatuka tohu matatau. Mā te ahupūngao ngaru ka whakamārama he aha ka ngoikore ai ngā tohu Wi-Fi i a rātou e haere ana i roto i ngā pakitara, nā te mimiti, te whakaata, me te whakarara.
I tēnei wā, kei te tīmata a 5G ki te whakamahi i ngā ngaru mirimita (mmWave), he nui ake ngā auau. Ko te painga he nui ake te whānui o te hononga, e āhei ai te tere. Heoi, he ngāwari ake te aukati i ēnei ngaru, ā, he poto ake te whānuitanga. Hei whakatika i tēnei, ka whakamahia ngā whatunga hihi me ngā whatunga pūtau iti, ka whakanui ake i te maha o ngā tuku hei pupuri i te hononga pumau.
Whakamutunga
He whānui, he taketake hoki ngā tono o te ahupūngao i roto i te hangarau whakawhitiwhiti kōrero. Mā ngā ngaru hiko-aukume ka taea ngā tohu te horapa ki ngā tawhiti roa, mā ngā papa hiko me ngā papa aukume ka mahi i roto i ngā pūihi, mā ngā haurua-irahiko ka taea e ngā taputapu te tukatuka raraunga, mā te ariā tohu ka āwhina i te wikitoria i te haruru, mā ngā muka whatu ka whakamahia te whakaata ā-roto katoa, ā, mā ngā amiorangi ka whakakotahi i ngā ariā o te porowhita me te tuku ngaruiti. Ko ia waea, karere kuputuhi, rerenga ataata, tae noa ki te urunga ipurangi he hua o ngā mātāpono ā-tinana e whakamahia ana ki te hangarau hangarau.
Mā te mārama ki te whanaungatanga i waenga i te ahupūngao me te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, ka taea e tātou te mārama ake ki ngā uauatanga o te hangarau o ia rā, me te kite i ngā whai wāhitanga mō ngā mahi auaha ā muri ake nei. I te whanaketanga o te ahupūngao me te hangarau, ka tere haere tonu te hangarau whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, ka whai hua ake, ka iti ake te utu mō te marea whānui.
