Tikanga Pānga Whakaahua-Hiko
Ko te pānga whakaahua-hiko he āhuatanga i roto i te ahupūngao e pā ana ki te tukunga o ngā irahiko mai i te mata o tētahi rauemi ina pā te mārama, te irahiko hiko rānei ki a ia. I kitea tuatahitia tēnei pānga e te kaipūtaiao Tiamana a Heinrich Hertz i te tau 1887, ā, i muri mai ka whakamāramahia e Albert Einstein i roto i ngā taipitopito i te tau 1905, ā, i whiwhi ai ia i te Tohu Nobel mō te Ahupūngao i te tau 1921.
Whakamārama Ariā
He mea nui te pānga hikohiko ki te whanaketanga o te ariā irahiko o te mārama. Kāore i taea e ngā whakamārama tawhito te whakarato i tētahi whakamārama pai mō te āhuatanga. Heoi, i whakaaro a Einstein ehara te mārama i te ngaru anake engari he mea hanga hoki i ngā matūriki iti e kiia nei ko ngā photon. Ko tana ariā e ahu mai ana i te ariā ko te kaha o te mārama e whakawhirinaki ana ki tōna auau, ā, ka taea te whakaatu ko (E = h nu), ko (E) te kaha, ko (h) te pūmau a Planck, ā, ko (nu) te auau o te mārama.
Ina pā te mārama ki te mata o tētahi rauemi, ka taea te whakawhiti i ēnei photon ki ngā irahiko i roto i te rauemi. Mena he nui te kaha o ngā photon ki te neke atu i te mahi mahi (\(\phi\)) o te rauemi, arā, te kaha iti rawa e hiahiatia ana hei tango i tētahi irahiko mai i te mata, ka tukuna te irahiko. Ka whakaahuahia tēnei whārite e te whanaungatanga a Einstein mō te pānga whakaahua-hiko:
\[
E = h \nu = \phi + KE
\]
ko \(KE\) te pūngao nekeneke mōrahi o ngā irahiko kua panaia. Mēnā he iti iho te auau o te mārama i tētahi uara, kāore he irahiko e tukuna, ahakoa te teitei o te kaha o te mārama.
Ngā Āhuatanga o te Pānga Whakaahua-Hiko
Tepe Auautanga
He rohe iti rawa te auau o te mārama e kiia nei ko te auau paepae (\(\nu_0\)) i raro iho nei, kāore e taea te tuku i ngā irahiko ahakoa te kaha o te mārama. He tino rerekē tēnei i ariā ngaru ngā matapae tawhito e mea ana ko te kaha e mimitihia ana e te irahiko me whakawhirinaki ki te kaha.
Pūngao Kinetic o ngā Irahiko
Ka piki haere te kaha nekeneke o ngā irahiko e tukuna ana i runga i te rārangi me te auau o te mārama e pā ana ki te mata, engari kāore e whakawhirinaki ki te kaha o te mārama. I roto i te tātai \(KE = h \nu – \phi\), ko te pikinga o \(\nu\) ka piki ake te \(KE\).
Te Kaha o te Mārama me te Tukunga Irahiko
Ka hua ake te pikinga o te maha o ngā irahiko e tukuna ana me te kaha o te mārama ina nui te auau photon, engari kāore anō kia rerekē te kaha o ia irahiko. Ka taea tēnei te whakamārama mā te pikinga o te maha o ngā photon e pā ana ki te mata o te rauemi me te kaha nui.
Ngā Mahi Mahi
He āhuatanga ahurei te mahi \(\phi\) o ia rauemi. He tere ake te tuku irahiko a ngā rauemi he iti te mahi i ngā rauemi he nui te mahi.
Ngā Whakamahinga Whai Hua
He maha ngā whakamahinga mahi a te pānga hikohiko, tae atu ki:
Pūtau Whakaahua, Pūoko Whakaahua rānei
Ka whakamahia e ngā pūoko mārama, ngā pūtau photon rānei, te pānga whakaahua-hiko hei huri i te mārama hei tohu hiko. E whakamahia ana ēnei i roto i ngā momo taputapu maha, tae atu ki ngā waea atamai, ngā kāmera, me ngā mana mamao pouaka whakaata.
Hangarau Pūngao Rā
Ka whakawhirinaki ngā panera rā, ngā pūtau rā rānei, ki te mātāpono o te pānga whakaahua-hiko hei huri i te pūngao mārama mai i te rā ki te pūngao hiko.
Karuārai Irahiko
Ka whakamahia e ngā karu hikohiko te kimi i ngā irahiko e tukuna ana e te pānga whakaahua-hiko hei whakaputa whakaahua taumira teitei o ngā mata rauemi.
Te Mararatanga o te Hihi-X
I roto i te rangahau rauemi, ka whakamahia te pānga whakaahua-hiko hei tātari i te hanganga o ngā rauemi mā roto i te whānuitanga o ngā hihi-X marara.
Manatoko Whakamātautau
He maha ngā whakamātautau kua whakamana i te pānga hikohiko, ā, kua tautoko i te ariā a Einstein . Ko tētahi o ngā mea rongonui ko te whakamātautau Millikan i whakahaerehia e Robert Millikan. I roto i tēnei whakamātautau, i angitu ia ki te whiwhi i tētahi uara whakamātautau mō te pūmau a Planck (\(h\)) i rite ki te uara ariā, e whakaatu ana i te tika o te matapae a Einstein mō te pūngao nekeneke o te irahiko.
Whakamutunga
Nā te tikanga o te pānga hikohiko kua homai he māramatanga nui ki tō tātou māramatanga ki te āhua o te mārama me ōna taunekeneke ki te matū. Nā tēnei kitenga, i runga i te ariā o te photon hei irahiko pūngao, kua taea e ngā tohunga ahupūngao te whakawhanake i tētahi ariā irahiko whānui ake. Nā tēnei pānga anō hoki i whakatakoto te ara mō ngā auahatanga hangarau i roto i ngā rāngai maha, pērā i ngā pūoko, ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, me te pūngao whakahou.
I te nuinga o te wā, ehara i te mea he āhuatanga ā-tinana taketake te pānga hikohiko engari he whānuitanga hoki o ngā tono e pā ana ki te oranga o ia rā. Kei te noho tonu tēnei āhuatanga hei wāhanga rangahau hohe, me ngā kitenga tonu e whakahōhonu ana i tō tātou māramatanga ki tēnei ao irahiko rerekē, whakamīharo hoki.
