Te Whakaaro Matua me te Whakaaro Matua
Ko te tautohetohe i waenga i te whakaaro whānui me te whakaaro whaimana tētahi o ngā upoko tino whakamārama i roto i te hītori o te rapunga whakaaro o te mātauranga (epistemology). E whai ana ngā mea e rua ki te whakautu i te pātai matua: nō hea te mātauranga pono? Heoi, he rerekē ā rāua whakautu. E whakanui ana te whakaaro whānui i te tūranga o te whakaaro nui me te whakaaro nui hei puna matua o te mātauranga, ko te whakaaro whaimana ia e kī ana ko te wheako ā-kanohi te pūtake tino tika. Ehara i te mea he kōrero mātauranga noa iho tēnei pakanga; kei te kitea tōna pānga i ēnei rā i roto i te huarahi e mārama ai tātou ki te pūtaiao, ki te mātauranga, ki ngā tikanga rangahau, tae noa ki te huarahi e whakatau ai te tangata i te pono i roto i te oranga o ia rā.
Te Mārama ki te Whakaaroaro
Ko te whakaaro whānui he kura whakaaro e kī ana ko te whakaaro (te whakaaro whānui) te puna mātauranga tino nui, tino pono hoki. E ai ki ngā kaitātari whakaaro whānui, he momo mātauranga kāore e whakawhirinaki ki ngā wheako ā-kanohi. Ka taea te whiwhi i tēnei mātauranga mā roto i ngā tukanga whakaaro, te whakatau arorau, me ngā mātāpono e kitea ana.
Ko René Descartes te tino tangata rongonui o te whakaaro whaitake. He rongonui ia mō tana kīanga "Cogito, ergo sum" (Kei te whakaaro ahau, nō reira ko ahau). Ki tana titiro, ko te ruarua he tikanga hei tātari i te mōhiotanga tino pono. I whakapono a Descartes ka taea e ngā kare ā-roto te tinihanga, nō reira me tino pono te mōhiotanga pono, ā, ka kitea tēnei mā te whakaaro nui.
Haunga a Descartes, ko ngā tino tangata o te ariā whakaaro whānui ko Baruch Spinoza rāua ko Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. I titiro a Spinoza ki te ao hei pūnaha ka taea te mārama mā roto i ngā hanganga whakaaro whānui, ko Leibniz ia i kī kei te hinengaro tangata ngā mātāpono ā-roto (ngā whakaaro ā-roto) e āhei ai tātou ki te mārama ki te ao tūturu.
I roto i te anga o te whakaaro whānui, ka whakanuia te pāngarau hei tauira pai rawa atu. Kāore e hiahiatia kia "kite" tika tātou i te reira kia mōhio ai tātou ko te 2+2=4; ka mārama tātou ki tēnei mea mā roto i ngā ture arorau me ngā ariā e māramahia ana e te whakaaro nui.
Te Mārama ki te Whakapono i te Ao Tūroa
He rerekē ki te whakaaroaro whaitake, e kī ana te whakapono whaimana ko te puna matua o te mātauranga ko te wheako, inā koa ko te wheako ā-pūmanawa: te kite, te whakarongo, te pā, te hongi, me te reka. E kī ana ngā tohunga whaimana kāore he whakaaro ā-roto o te tangata; i te tīmatanga he rite te hinengaro ki te papa kau (tabula rasa), ā, ko te wheako te "tuhi" i ngā ihirangi.
Ko John Locke te tino tangata o te whakapono ki ngā mea e kitea ana, nāna i whakawhanake te ariā o te tabula rasa. E ai ki a Locke, ka tīmata ngā whakaaro uaua katoa i ngā wheako māmā, kātahi ka tukatukahia mā te whakaaroaro me te hononga.
Ko tētahi atu tino tangata nui, ko George Berkeley, i whakanui i te hononga tata o te noho o tētahi mea ki te tirohanga: "esse est percipi" (ko te noho ko te kitea). I taua wā, i haria e David Hume te whakapono ki ngā mea e kitea ana ki te taha o te ruarua. I ruarua a Hume i te ariā o te take me te pānga hei mea "tino"; i tautohe ia ko te take me te pānga he tikanga whakaaro noa iho i hangaia e tā tātou mātakitaki pinepine i ngā huihuinga e rua e puta ana i te raupapa.
I te ao hou, he hononga tata te mātauranga whaimana ki te tikanga pūtaiao. Ka whakawhirinaki te pūtaiao ki te mātakitaki, ki te whakamātautau, ki te ine, me te manatoko. Ko ngā kereme kāore e taea te whakamātautau mā te mātauranga whaimana ka kiia he ngoikore, he kore pūtaiao rānei.
Ngā Rerekētanga Matua i waenga i te Rationalism me te Empiricism
Ka kitea ngā rerekētanga i waenga i te whakaaro whānui me te whakaaro whānui i roto i ēnei āhuatanga:
1. Pūtake o te mātauranga
– Whakaaroaro: te whakaaro nui, te arorau, te whakatau whakaaro.
– Te mātauranga matatau: ngā wheako kare ā-roto, te mātakitaki, te whakaohooho.
2. Ngā whakaaro ā-roto
– Te whakaaroaro whānui: te whakaae ki te āheinga o ngā whakaaro ā-roto.
– Te whakapono ki ngā whakaaro o roto: e whakahē ana i ngā whakaaro taketake; i ahu mai ngā whakaaro katoa i te wheako.
3. Tikanga mō te whiwhi i te pono
– Te Whakaaroaro: e whakanui ana i te tino arorau me te hanganga ariā.
– Te Whakamātautau i ngā Pūtaiao me ngā Mea Ora: e aro ana ki te whakamātautau mā roto i ngā raraunga me ngā taunakitanga empirika ana.
4. Ngā tauira tawhito me ngā tauira hou
– He tino pai te whakaaro whānui i roto i pāngarau me te arorau ōkawa
– He tino hira te mātauranga whaimana i roto i te pūtaiao whakamātautau me te rangahau mara.
Heoi, he mea nui kia mōhiotia kāore e taea te whakaoti rapanga katoa mā te huarahi kotahi. Hei tauira, i roto i te ahupūngao, he maha ngā wā ka hiahiatia he tauira pāngarau (whakaaro) mō ngā kitenga ariā, engari me whai whakamātautau (whakamātautau) mō te whakamana i aua rapanga.
Ngā Kaha me ngā Ngāwari o te Whakaaroaro
Ko te painga o te whakaaro whānui ko tōna kaha ki te whakamārama i ngā mātauranga whānui me ngā mātauranga motuhake, pērā i ngā ture arorau me te pāngarau. Ka akiakihia hoki e te whakaaro whānui te whakaaro pūnaha, te whakaaro ōrite, me te whakaaro hōhonu.
Heoi, he ngoikore te whakaaro whaitake ina tino whakawhirinaki ki ngā whakaaro whakarāpopoto. Ki te kore e arahina e te ao tūroa, ka taea e te whakaaro whaitake te whakaputa i ngā ariā huatau kāore i ahu mai i te ao tūroa. Hei tāpiri, he uaua ki te whakamātau i ngā kereme mō ngā whakaaro ā-roto.
Ngā Kaha me ngā Ngāwari o te Whakapono i ngā Whakaaro
He tino pai te whakaaro ki ngā mea e kitea ana i te ao tūturu nā te mea e tata ana ki ngā meka me ngā wheako tūturu. I roto i te pūtaiao hou, ka āwhina te huarahi whakaaro ki te tangata ki te whakaputa hangarau whai hua nā te mea ka whakamatautauria te mātauranga mā te whakamātautau.
Engari he rohe anō hoki tō te whakapono ki ngā wheako. He hapa ngā wheako ā-kanohi, he herenga, ā, he pānga o te horopaki. Hei tāpiri, he uaua ki te whakapono ki ngā wheako te whakamārama i ngā ariā whānui kāore e "kitea" tonutia. Ko tētahi whakahē matarohia mō te whakapono ki ngā wheako ko te kore e ārahi aunoatia te māramatanga mā te raraunga anake; me whai anga ariā me te whakaaro tika tonu te tangata hei whakamārama i te wheako.
Ngā Whakamātautau Hanga: Immanuel Kant
I tae te tautohetohe i waenga i te whakaaro whānui me te whakaaro whaimana ki tētahi wāhi nui i roto i te whakaaro o Immanuel Kant. I tautohe a Kant ko te mātauranga e puta mai ana i te whakakotahitanga o ngā mea e rua: ko te wheako te "rauemi mata," ko te whakaaro ia te "āhua" hei mārama ki a ia. E ai ki ngā kupu a Kant, "he matapo te wheako me te kore ariā, he koretake ngā ariā me te kore wheako."
Nō reira, kāore a Kant i tino tautoko i te whakaaro whānui, i te whakaaro whaimana rānei, engari i whai kia honoa ngā mea e rua. I whakamārama ia he momo māramatanga kei te tangata (pērā i te wāhi, te wā, te take me te pānga) e āhei ai te whakarite i te wheako hei mātauranga.
Te Hiranga i te Wā Hou
I tēnei ao, he mea nui tonu te tautohetohe i waenga i te whakaaro whānui me te whakaaro whaimana. I roto i te rangahau pūtaiao, ka kite tātou i te whakakotahitanga o ngā mea e rua: ka whakamahia ngā ariā me ngā tauira (whakaaro whānui) hei matapae i ngā āhuatanga, kātahi ka whakamatautauria mā roto i ngā whakamātautau me ngā raraunga (whakamātautau). I roto i te mātauranga, me whai hoki tātou i ngā mahi whakaaroaro me te whakaaroaro arohaehae, engari me whai wheako, mahi, me te ako kaupapa.
I roto i te ao o ia rā, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia e tātou te "arorau" me te "wheako" hei aromatawai i ngā mea. Hei tauira, ka whakamahia pea e te tangata te whakaaro tika hei paunatia i ngā mōrearea o tētahi whakatau pūtea, engari ka whakamahia anō hoki e ia ngā wheako o mua hei aromatawai i te putanga pea.
Whakamutunga
Ko te whakaaro whānui me te whakaaro whaimana he kura whakaaro nui e rua e hanga ana i te māramatanga o te tangata ki te mātauranga. Ko te whakaaro whānui e whakatairanga ana i te whakaaro nui hei pūtake o te tino pono, ko te whakaaro whānui ia e whakatairanga ana i te wheako hei pūtake o te pono. He kaha me he ngoikore o ia, ā, i roto i te mahi, he maha ngā wā ka tautoko tetahi i tetahi. Ko te whakaaro hou—ina koa i roto i te pūtaiao—ka neke ake ki te whakahiato: ko te ariā whakaaro nui e whakarato ana i te ahunga, ko ngā taunakitanga whaimana e whakaū ana i tōna mana. Mā te mārama ki ēnei huarahi e rua, ehara i te mea ka ako noa tātou i te hītori o te rapunga whakaaro engari ka whakakoi hoki i ō tātou whakaaro arohaehae i roto i te rapunga mō te pono.
Ki te hiahia koe, ka taea e au te whakarerekē i tēnei tuhinga kia rite ki te momo tuhinga pūtaiao, ki tētahi tuhinga rongonui rānei, te tāpiri atu rānei i ētahi tauira (hei tauira, i roto i te hinengaro, te ōhanga, te pūtaiao raraunga rānei).
