Te Ariā o te Whakatau me te Herekoretanga
Pendahuluan
I roto i te hītori o te whakaaro tangata, kua roa te tautohetohe mō ngā ariā o te whakatau me te herekore e arohia ana e ngā tohunga whakaaro, ngā kaipūtaiao, me ngā tohunga karakia. E pā ana tēnei pātai matua ki te mauri o te mea kei a tātou, hei tāngata takitahi, te mana whakahaere katoa i ā tātou mahi, kei te mahi noa rānei i tētahi horopaki kua whakaritea. Ehara i te mea he tautohetohe whakaaro noa iho tēnei, engari he awe anō hoki i tō tātou māramatanga ki ngā tikanga matatika, ture, tae atu ki te hinengaro. Ka tirotirohia e tēnei tuhinga he aha te whakatau me te herekore, me pēhea te taunekeneke o ēnei ariā e rua, me ō rāua pānga whakaaro me ngā pānga mahi.
Te Whakataunga: He Whakamāramatanga
Ko te Determinism he tirohanga rapunga whakaaro e kī ana ko ngā huihuinga katoa, tae atu ki ngā mahi a te tangata, he hua nō te raupapa o ngā huihuinga o mua ka taea te matapae e ngā ture o te taiao. Ki te kī ngāwari, e kī ana te determinism he mārama te hanganga o te ao whānui, ā, he take motuhake tō ia huihuinga ka taea te whai me te mārama.
E wehea ana te whakatau-ā-ira ki ētahi momo, tae atu ki te whakatau-ā-ira take, te whakatau-ā-arorau, me te whakatau-ā-whakapono. Ko te whakatau-ā-ira take, te momo tino noa, e kī ana ko ia huihuinga he hua o te whanaungatanga take-me-pānga kua whakaritea. E kī ana te whakatau-ā-arorau kua "tuhia" kētia te heke mai i roto i te arorau whānui, ko te whakatau-ā-whakapono ka tāpiri i tētahi taha whakapono mā te kī kua whakatauhia e te Atua ia taipitopito o ō tātou oranga.
Ko te tautohe mō te whakatau i ahu mai i te whakapono he pūnaha kati te ao whānui e taea ai te whakamārama i ngā āhuatanga katoa e ngā ture ahupūngao. Mena he nui ā tātou mōhiohio mō te āhua tīmatanga o te ao whānui, ka taea e tātou te matapae i ngā kaupapa katoa o te heke mai me te tino tika, e ai ki ngā mātāpono o te miihini matarohia i whakatakotoria e Isaac Newton.
Te Herekoretanga: Te Whakamāramatanga me ōna Āhuatanga
I tērā taha o te whānuitanga, ko te herekoretanga, ko te "whakaaro noa" rānei, ko te whakaaro kei a te tangata te mana katoa ki ā rātou mahi. Ko te tikanga o tēnei, he hunga mōhio ki a tātou anō, kei a tātou te kaha ki te whakatau i ngā kōwhiringa kāore i te whakatauhia katoatia e ō tātou āhua tinana, hinengaro rānei.
Kua roa ngā tohunga whakaaro e tautohetohe ana mēnā ka taea te herekore tūturu i roto i tētahi ao e whakahaerehia ana e ngā ture whakatau. Kua wehea te herekore ki ētahi kura whakaaro nui, tae atu ki te herekore rībertarian me te herekore hototahi. Ka whakahē ngā rībertarian i te whakatau, me te kī he momo pūkenga ngaro, wairua rānei tō te tangata ki te whakahaere i ō rātou ake mutunga. I tētahi atu taha, e kī ana te herekore hototahi ka taea te noho tonu te herekore tūturu ahakoa i roto i tētahi ao whakatau; kāore te herekore e rerekē ki te whakatau mēnā ka tautuhia e tātou te herekore hei kaha ki te mahi i runga i ō tātou ake hihiri me ō tātou hiahia.
Te Raru o te Herekoretanga me te Whakatau i roto i te Rapunga Whakaaro
He maha ngā tautohe kua whakawhanakehia e ngā tohunga whakaaro hei whakataurite, hei whakakoi rānei i te tautohetohe i waenga i te whakatau me te hiahia noa. Ko tētahi tautohe rongonui ko te "Argument from Freedom," i whakatakotoria e ngā tohunga whakaaro libertarian pērā i a Sartre rāua ko Kant. E kī ana rātou kei te tangata te mōhio ki a ia anō e hoatu ana ki a rātou te mana ki te whiriwhiri i tua atu i ngā here o ngā tikanga take-me-pānga pakari.
He rerekē, ko ngā tohunga whakatau tino pakari pērā i a Spinoza rāua ko Holbach e whakahē ana i te ariā o te herekoretanga tuturu, ā, e titiro ana ki ngā mahi a te tangata hei wāhanga o tētahi mekameka kore e taea te karo o ngā take. E kī ana rātou he maminga noa iho tō tātou whakaaro mō te herekoretanga; e rongo ana tātou i te herekoretanga nā te mea kāore tātou i te tino mōhio ki ngā āhuatanga whakatau e hanga ana i ā tātou mahi.
I waenganui i ēnei pito e rua, i ngana ngā tāngata taurite pērā i a John Locke rāua ko David Hume ki te kimi i tētahi ara waenga. I tautohe rātou ehara te herekore i te mea he motuhake mai i te take me te pānga, engari he mea e pā ana ki te kaha ki te mahi i runga i ō tātou hiahia me ō tātou whakatau, ahakoa he huinga take kua whakaritea aua hiahia me aua whakatau.
Ngā Pānga Matatika me ngā Pānga Whaihua
Ehara i te mea he ariā noa iho te tautohetohe mō te whakatau kaupapa me te herekore; he pānga tika ki ngā tikanga matatika me ngā tikanga tika . Mena he pono te whakatau kaupapa, ko te tikanga kāore e taea e tātou te whakapae i tētahi mō āna mahi? Me pēhea te whakamārama i te ture me te tika i roto i te horopaki o te whakatau kaupapa?
I tētahi taha, mehemea kua whakaritea ngā mahi katoa, ka raru pea te ariā o te kawenga matatika. He uaua ki te whiu i tētahi mō ngā mahi kāore e taea e rātou te whakahaere. I tētahi atu taha, i roto i te tirohanga hototahi, ahakoa i taea te matapae i ngā mahi a te tangata e te raupapa o ngā take, ka taea tonu te whakapae i a rātou nā te mea ko aua mahi he hua o ā rātou hiahia me ā rātou whakatau.
Ngā Pānga ki te Pūtaiao me te Hinengaro
I roto i te pūtaiao, inā koa te ahupūngao matūriki, he nui ngā wero e pā ana ki te whakatau kaupapa. E kī ana te mātāpono koretake a Heisenberg he rohe taketake kei te mōhio ki ngā āhua tīmatanga o ngā matūriki me te tika mutunga kore, e whakaara ake ana i ngā pātai nui mō te whakatau kaupapa take. I te whānui ake, kua whai wāhi hoki te neuropsychology me te pūtaiao hinengaro ki tēnei tautohetohe, e whakaatu ana he maha o ā tātou mahi me ā tātou whakatau e pāngia ana e ngā tukanga koiora me ngā tikanga roro e kore pea e mōhiotia e tātou.
I roto i te hinengaro, he maha ngā wā e hono ana te ariā o te herekore ki ngā ariā o te whakahaere i a ia anō me te mana whakahaere matatika. I whakanuia e ngā tohunga hinengaro pērā i a Carl Rogers rāua ko Abraham Maslow te hiranga o te herekore i roto i te whanaketanga whaiaro me te whakatinanatanga o te tangata anō. I tautohe rātou ko te whakapono ki te herekoretanga takitahi te mea e akiaki ana i te tangata ki te whakatutuki i ō rātou pūmanawa katoa.
Whakamutunga
Ko te tautohetohe i waenga i te whakatau me te herekoretanga ehara i te mea ka homai he māramatanga hohonu ki te āhua o te tangata engari ka wero hoki i a tātou ki te arotake anō i ō tātou ariā taketake o te matatika, te kawenga, me te ture. Ahakoa kāore he whakautu tuturu, he mea nui kia pātai tonu tātou me te tūhura i ēnei pātai. I roto i tēnei tukanga, ka kitea pea e tātou he huarahi hou ki te mārama ki a tātou anō me te ao e karapoti nei i a tātou. Ahakoa te āhua whakahē o ēnei ariā e rua, ka taea e rātou te tuku i tētahi whakamārama whānui ake mō te uaua o te wheako tangata.
