Charles Sanders Peirce me te Pragmatism
Ko Charles Sanders Peirce (1839–1914) he tohunga whakaaro, he tohunga arorau, he kaipūtaiao o Amerika, e kiia ana ko ia te matua whakatū o te pragmatism, me William James rāua ko John Dewey. Ko te pragmatism he kura whakaaro e aro nui ana ki te tono mahi me ngā hua hei paearu mō te pono me te tikanga. I roto i tēnei tuhinga, ka tūhuratia e mātou ngā ariā matua o te pragmatism, ngā takoha a Peirce ki te whanaketanga o tēnei kura, me tōna pānga ki te whakaaro hou.
Papamuri o te Pragmatism
I puta ake te whakaaro whaihanga i te mutunga o te rautau 19 i te Hononga o Amerika hei tauhohenga ki te whakaaro pai me te whakaaro whaitake tuku iho, i aro nui ki ngā āhuatanga ariā me ngā āhuatanga whakaaroaro o te mātauranga. Ko te whakaaro whaihanga, i tētahi atu taha, e aro ana ki te "mahi," arā, ki ngā mea e whai hua ana, e tika ana mō ngā wheako o ia rā. Ko Charles Sanders Peirce tētahi o ngā paionia matua o tēnei kaupapa, ā, he nui āna takoha ki tana mahi i roto i te arorau, te semiotics (te ako i ngā tohu), me te epistemology (te ako i te mātauranga).
Ngā Ariā me ngā Mātāpono o te Pragmatism a Peirce
Nā Peirce i whakawhanake te ariā o te pragmatism i runga i te whakaaro ko te tikanga o tētahi ariā ka whakatauhia e ngā pānga mahi, ā-kanohi ka kitea hei hua o taua ariā. Ki a ia, kāore e taea te wehe i te tikanga o tētahi whakaaro mai i ngā hua mahi ka puta mai i te whakamahi i taua whakaaro. Ko tēnei mātāpono matua e mōhiotia ana ko te "pragmatic maxim," e taea te whakarāpopoto penei: kia mārama ai ki te tikanga o tētahi ariā, whakaarohia ngā hua mahi ka puta mai.
I roto i tana mahi rongonui, "How to Make Our Ideas Clear" (1878), i tuhituhi a Peirce: "Whakaarohia ngā pānga mahi ka taea e tātou te whakaaro he hua mai i ngā mea o tō tātou ariā; mā tēnei tikanga ka homai te tikanga katoa o te mea." Arā, ki te kore e taea e tātou te hono i tētahi whakaaro, i tētahi ariā rānei ki te mahi tūturu, ka ngaro te tikanga mahi me te hiranga o te whakaaro.
Te Mātauranga Whaitake
I whakanuia anō hoki e Peirce te tūranga o te rangahau pūtaiao ki te whakawhanake i te mātauranga tika me te whai hua. I roto i tana epistemology mahi, i tautohe ia ko te whakapono he mahi noa, ā, ko te whāinga o te tukanga rangahau he whakakore i ngā feaa whakararuraru, kia tutuki ai he āhua whakapono tino pono. I titiro ia ki te tukanga pūtaiao hei mahi tonu ki te whakapai ake i ngā whakapono mā roto i ngā tikanga rangahau pūnaha, e ahu mai ana i ngā taunakitanga. Kei roto i tēnei ko te whakamahinga o te whakamātautau, te tirotiro, me te arorau whakatau hei tae atu ki ngā whakatau ka taea te whakamātautau me te tāruarua.
I whakawhānui ake anō hoki a Peirce i ngā ariā o te whakaaweawe me te tangohanga mā te tāpiri i tētahi atu huānga i huaina e ia ko te "whakaekenga", arā, ko te whakatau pai rawa atu. Ko te whakaekenga te tukanga e hanga ai tātou i tētahi whakapae tuatahi hei whakamārama i ngā āhuatanga kua kitea i roto i te huarahi māmā me te tino pono. Kātahi ka whakamatautauria, ka manatokohia hoki tēnei whakapae mā roto i ngā whakamātautau me ngā tirohanga anō.
Te Whakaaro Māori me te Rapunga Whakaaro o ngā Tohu
Haunga āna mahi mō te pragmatism me te epistemology, ko tētahi o ngā takoha nui a Peirce ko te mara o te semiotics, arā, te ariā tohu. I whakawhanakehia e ia tētahi pūnaha hei whakarōpū i ngā tohu ki ngā wāhanga matua e toru: te icon, te index, me te tohu. E ai ki a Peirce:
1. Ko te ata he tohu e rite ana ki te mea e tohuhia ana e ia (hei tauira, he tohu ata whakairoiro).
2. Ko te tohu he tohu e whai hononga take, hononga ā-tinana rānei ki tana mea (hei tauira, ko te paoa hei tohu mō te ahi).
3. Ko te tohu he tohu e hono ana ki tōna mea he tikanga tuku iho, ā, e whakatauhia ana e ngā ture, e ngā tikanga rānei (hei tauira, ngā kupu i roto i tētahi reo).
He tūāpapa nui tēnei mō ngā rangahau anō i roto i te pūtaiao whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, te mātauranga reo, me te rapunga whakaaro o te reo. E whakanui ana te matawai kupu a Peirce i te huarahi e mārama ai te tangata me te whakamārama i te ao mā roto i tētahi pūnaha tohu matatini, maha-paparanga.
Te Pānga me te Taonga Tuku Iho o Peirce
He mea nui ngā takoha a Peirce ki te kaupapa mahi me te rapunga whakaaro whānui. Ahakoa i whakaputaina motuhaketia te nuinga o āna mahi, ā, i muri i tōna matenga ka mōhiotia whānuitia, kei te whai tikanga tonu ōna whakaaro i ēnei rā. E mōhiotia ana tōna awe puta noa i te whānuitanga o ngā marautanga, tae atu ki te rapunga whakaaro, te reo, te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, me te pūtaiao rorohiko.
Kua awehia hoki ngā tohunga whakaaro o ēnei rā e te whakaaro pono a Peirce, pērā i a Richard Rorty, Hilary Putnam, me Robert Brandom. He pānga nui tō te whakaaro pono ki te āhua o tā tātou whakaaro mō te mātauranga, te tikanga pūtaiao, me ngā mahi o ia rā, tae atu ki te āhua o tā tātou whakatata atu ki ngā raruraru i roto i te huarahi whai hua ake, e ahu mai ana i ngā taunakitanga.
Te Katinga
Ko Charles Sanders Peirce tētahi o ngā tino tohunga whakaaro nui rawa atu o te ao rapunga whakaaro o Amerika. Mā te whakawhanake i ngā mātāpono o te mahi pono, i whakatakoto a Peirce i te ara mō tētahi huarahi hou ki te tiro i te whanaungatanga i waenga i te ariā me te mahi, i waenga i te whakaaro me te mahi. Mā roto i tana mahi i roto i te pūtaiao kupu me te epistemology mahi pono, i āwhina a Peirce ki te hanga i tētahi kaupapa hou e whai mana tonu ana ki ngā momo mara mātauranga. Ko te taonga tuku iho hinengaro o Peirce he tohu i te hiranga o te whakaaro ki ngā tono mahi me ngā hua o te ao tūturu o ō tātou whakaaro, he mātāpono e mau tonu ana te hiranga i roto i te ao hurihuri me te uaua o ēnei rā.
