Te Tātaritanga Ecofact i roto i te Arorangi
I roto i te whaipara tangata, kāore ngā mahi ki te mārama ki te oranga o mua o te tangata e whakawhirinaki anake ki te kitenga o ngā mea hangai pērā i ngā taputapu kōhatu, ngā uku, ngā whare rānei. Ko tētahi atu momo raraunga he rite te hiranga ko ngā toenga taiao kei roto i ngā horopaki whaipara tangata e taea ai te whakamārama i ngā whanaungatanga tangata ki tō rātou taiao. E mōhiotia ana ēnei raraunga ko ngā mea hanga taiao. Ka āwhina te tātari i ngā mea hanga taiao i ngā tohunga whaipara tangata ki te hanga anō i ngā kai, ngā rautaki oranga, te huringa āhuarangi ā-rohe, te whakahaere rauemi, tae noa ki ngā whanaketanga nohoanga. Mā roto i ngā mea hanga taiao, ka whakakitea te hītori ehara i te mea i roto i ngā mea i hangaia e te tangata anake, engari i roto hoki i ngā mea i kainga e rātou, i whakatipuria e rātou, i whakatōkia e rātou, i tahuna e rātou, i maka atu e rātou, i tūtaki ai hoki i roto i ō rātou taiao o ia rā.
Te Mārama ki ngā Mea Hanga Taiao me ō rātou Rerekētanga mai i ngā Mea Hanga Taonga
I te nuinga o te wā, ko ngā mea hanga taiao ko ngā toenga o ngā rauropi, o ngā huānga taiao rānei (hei tauira, ngā wheua kararehe, ngā purapura, te hae, te waro, ngā anga mollusk, ētahi paru) i kitea i ngā wāhi keri whenua, ā, e pā ana ki te whakamārama i ngā mahi a te tangata. He rerekē ngā mea hanga taiao i ngā taonga tuku iho nā te mea ko ngā mea hanga he mea hanga, he mea whakarerekē rānei e te tangata. Ko ngā wheua kararehe e whakaatu ana i ngā tohu a te kaipahua ka taka pea ki te wāhi hina: ko te wheua tonu he mea hanga taiao, engari ko ngā tohu a te kaipahua he tohu tika mō te wawaotanga a te tangata. Ahakoa he hanganga ngā āhuatanga (hei tauira, ngā kōhao pou, ngā takuahi, ngā awaawa) kāore e taea te tango me te kore e whakarerekē, ko ngā mea hanga taiao ka taea te tango me te tātari i roto i te taiwhanga.
He mea nui tēnei rerekētanga nā te mea ka pā ki ngā tikanga tauira, ngā tikanga tiaki, me ngā tikanga tātari. He pakarukaru ngā mea taiao, he ngāwari te poke, ā, he nui te whakawhirinaki ki ngā tikanga tiaki. Nō reira, ko te tikanga, ko ngā tohunga whaipara tangata o ēnei rā ka whakamahere i ngā rautaki keri me te tauira i mua i te wā kia kore ai e ngaro ngā raraunga mea taiao.
Ngā Momo Ecofacts Noa i Tātarihia
He maha ngā momo kāwai e kapi ana i ngā Ecofacts, ā, kei ia kāwai he mōhiohio motuhake e whakaratohia ana:
1. Ngā toenga kararehe (ngā wheua, ngā niho, ngā haona, ngā unahi ika)
Mā ngā raraunga kararehe ka kitea ngā momo kararehe e whaia ana, e puritia ana rānei, ngā tikanga patu, ngā momo kai e pai ana ki te kai, me ngā mahi o ia wā. E kiia ana tēnei tātaritanga ko te zooarchaeology.
2. Ngā toenga tipu (ngā kākano, ngā hua, te rakau, ngā muka tipu, ngā pūtau tipu)
Ka taea e ngā toenga tipu te tohu i te ahuwhenua, te tukatuka kai, te whakamahinga rakau, tae atu ki ngā tipu rongoā. Kei roto i tēnei peka ako te archaeobotany.
3. Te hae me ngā pua
He tino whai hua te hae mō te hanga anō i ngā tipu o mua me ngā huringa taiao. Ko te tātari hae he wāhanga o te palynology.
4. Te waro me te toenga mura
Ka taea te whakamahi i te waro hei whakatau i te momo wahie, te tunu kai, ngā mahi whakaputa rānei (hei tauira, te tahu uku), ā, he mea tino nui anō hoki mō te ine i te wā radiocarbon.
5. Ngā angaanga mollusk me ngā microfauna
Ka taea e ngā angaanga te whakaatu i ngā rautaki whakamahi i te takutai moana, ngā taiao wai, me ngā tauira kai pūmua. Ko ngā moroiti (hei tauira, ngā kiore, ngā ngata iti rānei) he tohu pea mō te huringa o te nohonga.
6. Te paru, te oneone, me ngā toenga rauropi
Ahakoa te āhua "noa", he puranga taiao ngā paru. Mā te tātari matū me te tātari āhua iti, ka taea e ngā paru te whakaatu i ngā mahi o te kāinga, ngā pā kararehe, ngā wāhi para, tae atu ki ngā waipuke, ngā ahi rānei.
Te Kaupapa o te Tātaritanga Ecofact: He aha ngā mea e hiahia ana ngā Kairangahau Whaipara tangata kia mōhio?
Ko te tātari Ecofact e aro ana ki ngā pātai nui mō te oranga o te tangata o mua, tae atu ki:
– Te kai me ngā tauira kai: He aha ngā kai matua? He aha te hiranga o te mīti, te ika, ngā tipu rānei e whakatipuria ana?
– Te oranga me te ōhanga: Te hopu manu me te kohi kai, te mahi pāmu, te whakatipu kararehe, te whakakotahitanga rānei? He aha te kaha o te whakaputa kai?
– Te āhua o te wā me te nekenekehanga: I nohoia te papa mō te wā tūturu, mō te wā rānei? He aha ngā taunakitanga e tautoko ana i tēnei?
– Te taiao me te āhuarangi o te rohe: He aha ngā tipu e tino kitea ana? Kei te maroke, kei te mātao, kei te huri rānei te whenua?
– Ngā taunekeneke a te tangata me te taiao: Kei te kitea te whakangaromanga o ngā ngahere, te whakamakuku whenua, te whakatakoto whenua, te whakamahi rawa rānei i ngā rauemi?
– Ngā tikanga me ngā tohu: Ko ētahi āhuatanga taiao (hei tauira, ētahi kararehe) e pā ana ki ngā tikanga karakia, ki te tuakiri pāpori rānei.
Ara, mā ngā āhuatanga taiao ka taea te pānui i ngā "tohu ā-kore" o ngā mahi a te tangata kāore e kitea i ngā wā katoa i roto i ngā taonga tuku iho.
Ngā Tikanga Tauira me te Tuhituhi i te Marae
Ka whakatauhia te kounga o te tātaritanga rauropi i te wā o te keri. Ko ētahi tikanga nui ko:
– Te Whakamānu: Ko te tikanga wehewehe i ngā toenga tipu iti (ngā kākano, te waro pai) mai i te oneone mā te whakamahi i te wai kia mānu ai ngā rauemi rauropi. He mea nui tēnei mō te archaeobotany.
– Tātari: Te tātari i te oneone me tētahi rahi mata kua whakaritea hei hopu i ngā wheua iti, ngā kākano, ngā maramara anga rānei.
– Te tauira whakahaere: Te tauira pūnaha o te paru mō ia paparanga (stratigraphy), te pouaka keri, te āhuatanga motuhake rānei.
– Te ārai i te poke: He mea nui ngā karapu, ngā ipu parakore, me ngā tapanga mārama, inā koa mō te tātari ira-pūmua koiora (te DNA tawhito, ngā pūmua) me ngā toenga rauropi.
Ko te tuhi i te horopaki (te tauwāhi, te hohonutanga, te hononga ki ngā āhuatanga/taonga tuku iho) te mea nui. Ka ngaro te uara whakamārama o ngā mea taiao kāore he horopaki nā te mea kāore e taea te hono atu ki ngā kaupapa, ki ngā mahi rānei.
Ngā Tikanga Tātari Taiwhanga
I roto i te taiwhanga, ka tātarihia ngā matū taiao mā te whakamahi i ngā huarahi maha, mai i te āhua o te tinana ki te matū:
1. Te tautuhi whakarōpūtanga
Ka tautuhia ngā wheua ki te taumata momo, ki te taumata puninga rānei i ngā wā katoa e taea ana, mā te whakamahi i ngā kohinga whakatairite. Pērā anō hoki mō ngā kākano, ngā rakau, ngā angaanga rānei.
2. Tātaritanga Taphonomic
Ka ako te taphonomy i ngā tukanga e pā ana ki ngā toenga o ngā rauropi mai i te wā e mate ai rātou tae noa ki te kitenga: ngā tohu tapahi, te tahunga, ngā ngau a ngā kaipahua, te huarere, te pirau rānei. Ka āwhina te taphonomy ki te wehewehe i ngā mahi a te tangata mai i ngā tukanga taiao.
3. Tātaritanga tauanga
Hei tauira, i roto i te zooarchaeology, ka whakamahia ngā inenga pēnei i te NISP (Number of Identified Specimens) me te MNI (Minimum Number of Individuals) hei whakatau tata i te hanganga o ngā kararehe. I roto i te archaeobotany, ka tatauhia te auau o ngā momo tipu, te kukū rānei o ngā purapura mō ia rōrahi o te paru.
4. Tātaritanga isotope pumau
Ka taea e ngā isotope waro me te hauota i roto i ngā wheua te whakarato i ngā tohu kai (hei tauira, te mana o ngā puna moana me ngā puna whenua, ngā tipu C3 me ngā tipu C4 rānei). Ka taea te hono atu i ngā isotope hāora ki ngā āhuatanga wai me te āhuarangi.
5. Te tātari toenga me te tātari koiora-ngota
Ka taea e ngā toenga ngako i runga i ngā uku (e pā ana ki ngā matū taiao hei tohu o te kai), te DNA tawhito, ngā pūmua rānei te tautuhi i ngā momo me ngā mahi tukatuka kai kāore e kitea whānuitia.
6. Te Whakaipoipo
Ka taea te whakamahi i te waro, te wheua, me ētahi atu toenga rauropi rānei mō te ine i te wā radiocarbon, mena ka tutuki i ngā whakaritenga tiaki, ā, kāore i poke.
Te Tiakitanga o ngā Pūtake Taiao me te Whakahāwea Raraunga
Kāore e ōrite te tūponotanga o ngā mea taiao katoa kia tiakina. Ka taea e ngā taiao waikawa te whakarewa i ngā wheua me ngā angaanga, engari ka taea e ngā āhuatanga maroke, anaerobic rānei (hei tauira, ngā repo) te tiaki i ngā mea rauropi. Nō reira, he maha ngā wā ka kitea he whakaaro tiaki i roto i ngā raraunga mea taiao. Me āta whakamārama ngā kaipūtaiao whaipara tangata i ngā hua: hei tauira, ko te korenga o ngā wheua ika ehara i te mea kāore te hapori i kai ika—tērā pea kāore i te pai te tiaki, te kore rānei i tangohia he tauira mō ngā wheua.
Ka puta ake hoki te whakaaro pākiki mai i ngā rautaki keri iti ake te pakari, te rahi rawa o ngā tātari, te koretake rānei o te whakarōpūtanga. Nō reira, he mea nui ngā paerewa tikanga me ngā paerewa pūrongo mō te whakatairite i ngā hua rangahau puta noa i ngā wāhi.
Te Takoha a Ecofacts ki te Whakahou i te Ao o Mua
Mā te tātaritanga Ecofact ka taea te hanga anō i ngā mea "ora" me te whānui. Mai i ngā toenga tipu, ka taea e ngā tohunga whaipara tangata te whai i te whakawhanaungatanga, ngā momo hua, me ngā pūnaha ahuwhenua. Mai i ngā kararehe, ka taea e rātou te kite i te nekehanga mai i te hopu manu ki te whakatipu kararehe, i ngā nekehanga rānei o te kai nā te hokohoko me te mana pāpori. E whakaatu ana te hae me te paru i ngā panonitanga o te whenua: te whakawātea ngahere, te whakanui ake i te whenua, me te whakahekenga o te taiao.
Hei tāpiri atu ki tēnā, ka hono ngā āhuatanga taiao i te whaipara tangata ki ngā take o nāianei pērā i te haumarutanga kai, te urutau ki te huringa āhuarangi, me te whakahaere rauemi. Ka taea e ngā tapuwae taiao o mua te whakarato akoranga mō te oranga tonutanga: te wā e angitu ai te urutau o te hapori, me te wā e whakaoho ai ngā pēhanga taiao i te huringa pāpori.
Te Katinga
Ko ngā mea hanga taiao tētahi o ngā puna raraunga whai rawa o te whaipara tangata, e whakaatu ana i te whanaungatanga piripono i waenga i te tangata me te ao tūroa. Mā roto i ngā tikanga tauira ātaahua, te tātari taiwhanga tika, me te whakamaoritanga e aro ana ki te whakaaro tiaki, ka taea e ngā mea hanga taiao te whakaatu i ngā tauira kai, ngā taiao, ngā hangarau oranga, me ngā whanaketanga ōhanga-pāpori kāore i te kitea noa mai i ngā taonga tuku iho. Nō reira, ehara te tātari mea hanga taiao i te tāpiri noa engari he tūāpapa nui mō te māramatanga whānui ake o te hītori—te hītori i te mea e whanake ana te ora i waenganui i ngā whenua, ngā āhuarangi, me ngā rauemi e huri haere ana.
