Ngā Tikanga Rangahau Mahi Whai Wāhi i roto i te Anthropology
Kua whanake te rangahau ā-iwi mai i tōna tīmatanga hei kaupapa ki te mārama ki te oranga o te tangata mā te whakapā tata ki ngā hapori e akohia ana. I roto i te mahi, he rite tonu te rangahau ā-iwi ki te mahi mara, te mātakitaki whai wāhi, me te rangahau ā-iwi, e arotahi ana ki ngā whakaahuatanga hōhonu o te ahurea, ngā whanaungatanga pāpori, me ngā tikanga o roto i ngā hapori. Heoi, i ngā tekau tau tata nei, kua piki haere te hiahia kia kaua e "whakaputa mātauranga" noa te rangahau engari kia whakarato hoki i ngā painga tika ki ngā hapori. Koinei te wāhi kua nui haere te hiranga o ngā tikanga Rangahau Mahi Whai Wāhi (PAR) i roto i te rangahau ā-iwi.
Te Māramatanga me ngā Mātāpono Taketake o te PAR
Ko te Rangahau Mahi Whai Wāhi (PAR) he huarahi rangahau e whakakotahi ana i ngā huānga matua e toru: te whai wāhi, te mahi, me te whakaaroaro. He rerekē ki te rangahau tuku iho, e whakanoho ana i ngā kairangahau hei kaitirotiro matua, ka whakanohohia e te PAR ngā hapori hei kairangahau tahi. Kāore te mātauranga e whakaarohia ana he mea ahu mai i ngā mātauranga anake, engari mai i ngā wheako o te ao, ngā tirohanga ā-rohe, me ngā mahi o ia rā o te hapori.
Ko te kaupapa matua o te PAR ko ēnei e whai ake nei:
1. Te mahi tahi ōrite: ka matapakihia ngātahi ngā whakataunga rangahau—mai i te take i whiriwhiria, ngā tikanga kohikohi raraunga, tae atu ki te whakamārama i ngā hua.
2. Te arotahi ki te huringa pāpori: ko te whāinga o te rangahau ehara i te mea ko te mārama anake, engari ko te whakapai ake hoki i ngā āhuatanga e whakaarohia ana e te hapori he raruraru.
3. Whakaaroaro: ka arotakehia e ngā kairangahau me ngā kaiuru te tukanga, ngā whanaungatanga mana, me te pānga o ngā mahi i mahia i ia wā.
4. Huringa e pūmau ana: Ko te PAR e rere ana i roto i te huringa o te "whakamahere-mahi-mātakitaki-whakaaroaro", kātahi ka haere tonu ki te huringa e whai ake nei me ngā whakarerekētanga.
I roto i te horopaki o te mātauranga tangata, e hangai ana ēnei mātāpono ki te aro ki te emic ( tirohanga o roto ), te māramatanga horopaki, me ngā tikanga matatika o te mahi mara.
He aha te Hiranga o te PAR i roto i te Anthropology
He maha ngā wā ka whakahēngia te mātauranga tangata mō tōna taonga tuku iho koroni: ka "tango" ngā kairangahau i ngā raraunga mai i ngā hapori, ka tuhi pukapuka mō ngā kaupapa mātauranga, kātahi ka wehe atu me te kore e puta he painga tūturu. Ka whakaatuhia a PAR hei whakautu ki tēnei whakahē. Mā te whakauru i ngā hapori mai i te tīmatanga me te whakatakoto i ō rātou hiahia ki waenganui, ka nui ake te matatika me te whai tikanga o te rangahau.
Hei tāpiritanga, ka āwhina a PAR i ngā tohunga tātai tangata ki te whakakī i te āputa i waenga i te mātauranga mātauranga me te mātauranga ā-rohe. He maha ngā raruraru pāpori—pērā i ngā pakanga ahuwhenua, te urunga atu ki te hauora, te huringa taiao, te whakarērea rānei o ngā rōpū tokoiti—e hiahia ana ki ngā otinga kāore e taea te whakatakoto mai i waho anake. Mā te PAR ka taea e ngā kairangahau te mārama ki ngā pūtake o ngā raruraru me te whakahaere i ngā mahi huringa i runga i ngā rautaki e tika ana mō te hapori.
Ngā Hipanga PAR i roto i te Mahi Tātai Tangata
Ahakoa he ngāwari, ko te PAR i roto i te mātauranga tangata kei roto i ēnei wāhanga e whai ake nei:
1. Te Hanga Hononga me te Whakawhirinaki
Ko te wāhanga tuatahi o te rangahau ehara i te "kohikohi raraunga" anake, engari ko te hanga whanaungatanga pāpori. Me noho tahi, me taunekeneke rānei ngā tohunga tātai tangata me te hapori, kia mōhio ai rātou ki ngā mea e pā ana ki tēnei kaupapa. hanganga pāpori, ngā tino tangata matua, me ngā āhuatanga ā-roto. Ko te whakawhirinaki te tūāpapa, nā te mea e hiahiatia ana e te PAR te tuwhera me te whakapau kaha ngātahi.
2. Tāutuhia ngā raruraru noa
Engari ko te taenga mai o ngā kairangahau me ngā pātai rangahau "kua oti", ka akiakihia e te PAR tētahi tukanga mahi tahi mō te whakatakoto take. Ka taea te whakamahi i ngā kōrero ā-rōpū arotahi, ngā uiuinga whai wāhi, ngā mahere pāpori rānei hei tautuhi i ngā take e whakaarohia ana e ngā kainoho he mea nui. Koinei te wāhi e mahi ai te tohunga tātai tangata hei kaiāwhina: hei āwhina i te whakatakoto i te raruraru hei arotahi rangahau.
3. Te Whakamahere Mahi
Kia whakaaetia te raruraru, ka whakawhanakehia e te hapori me ngā kairangahau he mahere mahi. Hei tauira, mēnā ko te take he iti te urunga ki te wai ma, ka uru pea ngā mahi ki te arotake i ngā puna wai, te tautoko i ngā kāwanatanga ā-rohe, te whakamātautau rānei i ngā hangarau māmā e tika ana mō ngā āhuatanga o te rohe. Me tūturu te mahere mahi, me te whai whakaaro ki ngā rauemi, ngā mōrearea, me te tautoko pāpori-tōrangapū.
4. Te Whakatinanatanga me te Tuhituhi
Kei roto i tēnei wāhanga te whakatinanatanga o ngā mahi kua whakaaetia. Ka tuhia e ngā tohunga tātai tangata te tukanga mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga ā-iwi: te whai wāhi o te tangata, ngā pakanga e puta ake ana, ngā rautaki whiriwhiri, me te tikanga o ngā mahi mā ngā rōpū rerekē. Ehara i te mea ko ngā "hua whakamutunga" anake te kaupapa o ngā raraunga PAR engari ko ngā āhuatanga pāpori hoki i te wā o te tukanga huringa.
5. Whakaaroaro Ngātahi
Ko te whakaaroaro te kaupapa matua o te PAR. Ka arotakehia e te hapori, me ngā kairangahau, ngā mea i angitu, ngā mea i rahua, ngā take i puta ai, me ngā mea me whakapai ake. Kei roto hoki i te whakaaroaro he aromatawai i ngā whanaungatanga mana—hei tauira, mēnā i whakarērea ngā reo o ētahi rōpū (ngā wāhine, ngā rangatahi, ngā iwi tokoiti) i roto i te tukanga.
6. Te Huringa Tonu me te Whakatūnga Whakangungu
Whai muri i te whakaaroaro, ka taea e te rangahau te uru atu ki tētahi huringa hou. I ētahi wā, ka taea te whakatū i ngā hua PAR: te whakatūnga o ngā rōpū mahi, ngā ture hapori, ngā mahi tahi, ngā huihuinga ā-iwi, ngā tikanga aroturuki pāpori rānei. Mā tēnei ka roa ake te pānga o te rangahau i tētahi kaupapa rangahau kotahi-wāhanga.
Ngā Tikanga Kohikohi Raraunga e Whakamahia Ana
Kāore te PAR i roto i te mātauranga tangata e whakarērea ana ngā tikanga tawhito, engari e whakamahia ana i roto i te huarahi whai wāhi. Ko ētahi o ngā tikanga e whakamahia pinepinetia ana ko:
– Te mātakitaki ā-rohe: ka whai wāhi ngā kairangahau ki ngā mahi a te hapori, me te whai wāhi atu hoki ki ngā mahi hei whakatinana i ngā huringa.
– Ngā uiuinga hōhonu me ngā kōrero o te ao: te tūhura i ngā wheako whaiaro e hanga ana i te pūtake o te māramatanga whānui.
– Kōrero ā-rōpū arotahi (FGD): te whakatakoto rapanga, te whakaputa i ngā tirohanga rerekē, me te whakaae ki ngā mahi.
– Mahere ā-whai wāhi: te mahere ngātahi i ngā rohe, ngā rauemi, ngā mōrearea ā-pāwera, ngā wāhi nui rānei.
– Ngā tikanga whakaahua-reo me te tirohanga: ka tuhia e ngā kaiuru ō rātou ao tūturu mā roto i ngā whakaahua, i ngā ataata rānei hei whakaoho kōrero me te tautoko.
– Puka whakaaroaro: ka tuhia e ngā kairangahau me ngā kaiuru ngā tukanga, ngā kare ā-roto, ngā pakanga me te ako.
Mā ēnei tikanga ka āwhina i te rangahau ki te whakaputa raraunga whai kiko, me te tautoko anō hoki i ngā whāinga mahi.
Ngā Wero me ngā Whakahē o te PAR
Ahakoa tōna oati, kāore a PAR i te kore he raruraru. Tuatahi, kei te mau tonu ngā whanaungatanga mana. Ka kawea mai e ngā kairangahau te urunga ki te pūtea, ngā umanga, me te reo mātauranga ka taea te hanga i ngā kore taurite. Tuarua, he tohu noa iho te whai wāhi: kei te "whai wāhi" ngā hapori, engari kei te whakahaerehia tonutia ngā whakataunga e ētahi rōpū, pērā i ngā rangatira ā-rohe, ngā tari kaituku moni rānei. Tuatoru, he nui te wā me te kaha e hiahiatia ana mō te PAR, engari he maha ngā wā ka herea ngā kaupapa mātauranga e ngā rā kati ako, e te pūtea rānei.
Ko tētahi atu wero ko ngā take matatika me ngā mōrearea tōrangapū. Mena he take tairongo ngā rangahau pēnei i ngā pakanga whenua, i ngā tika rānei o te hunga tokoiti, ka taea e ngā mahi te whakaoho i te pēhanga mai i ngā mana whakahaere. Me whai whakaaro ngā tohunga tātai tangata ki te haumaru o ngā kaiuru, te muna o ngā raraunga, me ngā rautaki tautoko e kore e kino ki te hapori.
Hei tāpiri atu, i roto i te ao mātauranga, ka pātaihia te PAR i ētahi wā mō te "whakaaro tūroa" me te "whai mana." Heoi, kei te piki haere te mōhio o te ao mātauranga o ēnei rā, ko te mātauranga ka whānau mai i roto i ngā whanaungatanga pāpori. Ko te ine i te kounga o te PAR ehara i te mea ko te noho koretake anake, engari ko te māramatanga o te tukanga, te hohonutanga o te whakaaroaro, me te hiranga ki ngā kaiuru.
Te Katinga
Mā ngā tikanga Rangahau Mahi Whai Wāhi (PAR) ka taea e te mātauranga tangata te noho hei kaupapa e kore e whakamārama noa i te ao pāpori engari e uru atu ana hoki ki ngā huringa e hiahiatia ana e te hapori. Mā te whakanoho i ngā hapori hei hoa mahi ōrite, ka whakapakari te PAR i te taha matatika, ka whakarei ake i ngā raraunga ahurea, ā, ka whakawhānui ake i te pānga o te rangahau ki tua atu i ngā horopaki mātauranga. Ahakoa e hiahiatia ana te wā, ngā pūkenga whakahaere, me te aro ki ngā whanaungatanga mana, ka tukuna e te PAR ngā whai wāhitanga nui ki te whakaputa mātauranga tika, whai horopaki, me te whai tikanga. I tēnei wā e tūtaki ana te maha o ngā hapori ki te kore taurite, ngā raruraru taiao, me te huringa pāpori tere, he huarahi nui te PAR hei pupuri i te mātauranga tangata kia whai tikanga, kia whai kawenga hoki.
